理解python的staticmethod与classmethod实现

本文源于一时好奇,想要弄清出python的staticmethod()这一builtin方法的实现,查了一些资料(主要是python官方手册了)汇集于此

python在类中,有三种调用method的方法:普通method,staticmethod和classmethod
前两个应该都好理解,classmethod就是在调用这个函数的时候,会把调用对象的class object对象隐式地传进去。咦?这个class object不是一个类型?No,在python里面,class object不像静态语言一样是个类型,它在虚拟机中,就是一个对象
普通method调用需要把自己self作为参数传递,初学的时候怎么着也不能理解,不过看多了就自然熟悉了。比较奇怪的是staticmethod和classmethod不像静态语言一样,通过保留关键字定义,而是使用@staticmethod或者staticmethod()这种builtin函数进行定义。这个@staticmethod到底是个什么东东?
@staticmethod
def foo(x):
    print(x)


之前用过java,所以第一反应这是个annotation……唔,确实感觉像个AOP的东西,python里把它称作decorator。如果我们要自己实现一个staticmethod,该怎么写呢?

研究了下官方的代码,我再改了改,感觉应该这样写:
def foo(x):
    print(x)
class StaticMethod(object):
    def __init__(self, function):
        print("__init__() called")
        self.f = function
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print("\t__get__() called")
        print("\tINFO: self = %s, instance =%s, owner = %s" % (self, instance, owner))
        return self.f

class Class1(object):
    method = StaticMethod(foo)
    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    ins = Class1()
    print("ins = %s, Class1 = %s" % (ins, Class1))
    print("ins.method = %s, Class1.method = %s" % (ins.method, Class1.method))
    ins.method('abc')
    Class1.method('xyz')


输出结果是:
__init__() called
ins = <__main__.Class1 object at 0xece2d0>, Class1 = <class '__main__.Class1'>
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.StaticMethod object at 0xece5d0>, instance =<__main__.Class1 object at 0xece2d0>, owner = <class '__main__.Class1'>
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.StaticMethod object at 0xece5d0>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class1'>
ins.method = <function foo at 0xeb6c00>, Class1.method = <function foo at 0xeb6c00>
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.StaticMethod object at 0xece5d0>, instance =<__main__.Class1 object at 0xece2d0>, owner = <class '__main__.Class1'>
abc
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.StaticMethod object at 0xece5d0>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class1'>
xyz

嗯,看上去一切都挺顺利,Class1包含了一个变量method,不过这个method其实也是一个特殊处理过的StaticMethod类。这个类中有一个__get__函数,当类被“get”的时候,被访问的时候,会默认把访问者的instance和class信息都传进来。所以我们看到不管是否调用method()这个函数,只要碰着了method,这个函数就会触发,就会打印出当前instance和class信息。虽然ins和Class1的instance各有不同,但__get__函数中只是返回foo函数,所以这里调用method之时就没有区别,调用的都是同一个function对象。

好的,那么classmethod又如何实现呢?
def foo2(cls, x):
    print("foo2's class = ", cls)
    print(x)

class ClassMethod(object):
    def __init__(self, function):
        print("ClassMethod: __init__() called")
        self.f = function
    def __get__(self, instance, owner = None):
        print("\t__get__() called")
        print("\tINFO: self = %s, instance =%s, owner = %s" % (self, instance, owner))
        def tmpfunc(x):
            print("I'm tmpfunc")
            return self.f(owner, x)
        return tmpfunc

class Class2(object):
    method = ClassMethod(foo2)

class Class21(Class2):
    pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
    ins = Class2()
    print("ins.method = %s, Class2.method = %s, Class21.method = %s" % (ins.method, Class2.method, Class21.method))
    ins.method('abc')
    Class2.method('xyz')
    Class21.method('asdf')


输出结果是:
ClassMethod: __init__() called
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =<__main__.Class2 object at 0xdeb350>, owner = <class '__main__.Class2'>
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class2'>
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class21'>
ins.method = <function tmpfunc at 0xdee050>, Class2.method = <function tmpfunc at 0xdee1e8>, Class21.method = <function tmpfunc at 0xdee270>
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =<__main__.Class2 object at 0xdeb350>, owner = <class '__main__.Class2'>
I'm tmpfunc
foo2's class =  <class '__main__.Class2'>
abc
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class2'>
I'm tmpfunc
foo2's class =  <class '__main__.Class2'>
xyz
	__get__() called
	INFO: self = <__main__.ClassMethod object at 0xdeb250>, instance =None, owner = <class '__main__.Class21'>
I'm tmpfunc
foo2's class =  <class '__main__.Class21'>
asdf


可以看出,classmethod和staticmethod的实现方法是大同小异。staticmethod比较简单,直接返回self.f变量就好了,而classmethod不行,需要把调用时候的class类型信息传给foo2函数,这个函数根据接收的class信息来作不同的工作。(不过我现在也没有想到可以用来做些什么)

有个地方值得注意,可能同志们刚才也已经想到了,我一定必须要定义一个tempfunc,再返回它才能完成工作吗?可不可以不要
def tmpfunc(x):
            print("I'm tmpfunc")
            return self.f(owner, x)
        return tmpfunc


而直接返回一个
return self.f(owner, *args)



我刚试了一把,直接传args默认参数是不行的,因为__get__被调用的时候,还没有把参数传进来。只有return tmpfunc之后,Class2.method('xyz')的参数才挂在tmpfunc之上。

当然,如果有朋友成功做到了,请一定留言告诉我XD

小结:看来staticmethod和classmethod实现不是很困难,多亏了__get__函数帮忙。前文也提到__get__被调用时会把instance和class信息都填进来,真是帮了很大忙。但是,这个__get__函数到底又是怎么一回事?为什么这么神奇?这里卖个关子,本文先不讲了,下篇博文再看看这个 __get__函数

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