动词时态是英语语法的重点,下面把初中的动词时态给你梳理了一下。希望对你有所帮助。
(一)一般现在时的用法
1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
真
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。
3)表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speakwell. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
(二) 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played footballin the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during theirvisit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
(三) 一般将来时
1) be going to do/ will do sth,表示将来做某事(主观的打算或计划)。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play will be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
2) be +to do表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。(客观安排或受人指示而做某事)例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
3) be about to do,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in tenminutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.铃响了。
3)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closedbefore you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go,arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
(四)现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for iteverywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing,don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
不用进行时的动词
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
(五)过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3)常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to tenlast evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding hisbicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, thesun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
(六)现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。
I have been a teacher for two years. 我已经当了两年的老师。
比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,last week,…ago, in1980,in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for,since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years,always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
(错)Tom haswritten a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote aletter to his parents last night.
用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visitedthe city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
注意:It was thethird time that the boy had been late
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题 (1) ---Do youknow our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This isthe first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our townbefore?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever,come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I havereceived his letter for a month.
(对)I haven'treceived his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twentyyears.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to studyRussian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get marriedsix years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a fewminutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
(六) 过去完成时
1)概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在
2)用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had neverbeen to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves hadrun away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until ,when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some Englishbefore. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brownwent to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. hadwritten, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: hadhardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hitme. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than hesold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
(七)将来完成时
1)构成will have done
2)概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years bythen. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。