Oracle 文件损坏及恢复的过程

一、基本情况

OS：RHEL 3

CPU：4个Intel(R) Xeon(TM) MP CPU 2.70GHz

Mem：8G

Swap：16G

Disk：120G

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.1.0.3.0

二、备份方式

数据库以archive模式运行，RMAN多级增量备份。策略如下：

设置控制文件自动备份。

每三个月做一个数据库的全备份（包括所有得数据库和只读表空间）,并备份归档日志。

每一个月做一次零级备份（不包含只读表空间），并备份归档日志。

每周做一次一级备份，并备份归档日志。

每天做一次二级备份，并备份归档日志。

三、 恢复案例

所有恢复的前提：已经做过数据库全备份（包括归档日志），控制文件和spfile自动备份。

1． 损坏一个数据文件

（1）故障模拟

删除数据文件：rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/users01.dbf

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

ORA-01116: error in opening database file 4

ORA-01110: data file 4: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/users01.dbf'

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

强行关闭：sutdown abort;

启动数据库：startup;

ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 4 - see DBWR trace file

ORA-01110: data file 4: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/users01.dbf'

（2）恢复步骤

rman target sys@dbnms catalog rmanuser@cata

run{

allocate channel c1 type disk;

restore datafile 4;

recover datafile 4;

sql 'alter database datafile 4 online';

sql 'alter database open';

release channel c1;

}

sqlplus sys as sysdba

select instance_name,status from v$instance;

INSTANCE_NAME STATUS

---------------- ------------

dbnms OPEN

恢复成功

如果：数据空间没有备份，又要强行启动数据库

Sql> shutdown immediate;

Sql>startup mount;

Sql>alter database datafile '/oradata/test.dbf'' offline drop;

Sql>alter database open;

2． 损坏全部数据文件

（1）故障模拟

删除数据文件：rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/*.dbf

强行关闭：sutdown abort;

启动数据库：startup;

ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file

ORA-01110: data file 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/system01.dbf'

（2）恢复步骤

rman target sys@dbnms catalog rmanuser@cata

run{

allocate channel c1 type disk;

restore database;

recover database;

sql 'alter database open';

release channel c1;

}

sqlplus sys as sysdba

select instance_name,status from v$instance;

INSTANCE_NAME STATUS

---------------- ------------

dbnms OPEN

恢复临时文件：

alter database tempfile '/u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf' drop;

alter tablespace temp add tempfile '/u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf' size 50M autoextend on next 5M maxsize unlimited;

恢复成功

3． 损坏非当前联机日志成员

（1）故障模拟

删除日志文件：rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo01.log

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

启动数据库：startup;

select * from v$logfile;--可以考虑从v$log视图中去查找

GROUP# STATUS TYPE MEMBER IS_

---------- ------- ------- ------------------------------ ---

3 ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo03.log NO

2 STALE ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo02.log NO

1 INVALID ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo01.log NO

1 STALE ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo11.log NO

1 STALE ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo21.log NO

2 STALE ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo12.log NO

3 ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo13.log NO

2 STALE ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo22.log NO

3 ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo23.log NO

4 ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo31.log NO

4 ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo32.log NO

GROUP# STATUS TYPE MEMBER IS_

---------- ------- ------- ------------------------------ ---

4 ONLINE /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo33.log NO

（2）恢复步骤

alter database drop logfile member '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo01.log';

alter database add logfile member '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo01.log' to group 1;

恢复成功

4． 损坏非当前联机日志组

（1）故障模拟

删除日志文件组1的所有文件：

rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo01.log

rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo11.log

rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/redo21.log

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

启动数据库：startup;

Database mounted.

ORA-00313: open failed for members of log group 1 of thread 1

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo11.log'

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo21.log'

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo01.log'

（2）恢复步骤

alter database clear logfile group 1;

如果该日志组还没有归档，则用：

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;

打开数据库：

alter database open;

恢复成功

5． 损坏全部联机日志

（1）故障模拟

删除日志文件：rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/*.log

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

启动数据库：startup;

Database mounted.

ORA-00313: open failed for members of log group 1 of thread 1

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo11.log'

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo21.log'

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo01.log'

（2）恢复步骤

shutdown immediate;

create pfile from spfile;

cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs

vi initdbnms.ora

加一个参数：_allow_resetlogs_corruption=true

create spfile from pfile;

startup;

Database mounted.

ORA-00313: open failed for members of log group 1 of thread 1

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo11.log'

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo21.log'

ORA-00312: online log 1 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo01.log'

recover database until cancel;

alter database open resetlogs;

同步catalog：

rman target sys@dbnms catalog rmanuser@cata

reset database;

new incarnation of database registered in recovery catalog

starting full resync of recovery catalog

full resync complete

做一个full备份：

/home/oracle/dbbat/backup_full.sh

恢复成功

破坏的为当期的：

SQL> select GROUP#,SEQUENCE#,ARCHIVED,STATUS from v$log;

GROUP# SEQUENCE# ARCHIVED STATUS

---------- ---------- --------- ------------------------------------------------

1 1 NO CURRENT

3 0 YES UNUSED

2 0 YES UNUSED

SQL> recover database until cancel;

Media recovery complete.

SQL> alter database open resetlogs;

Database altered.

SQL>

6． 损坏一个控制文件

（1）故障模拟

删除控制文件：rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/control01.ctl

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

ORA-00210: cannot open the specified controlfile

ORA-00202: controlfile: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/control01.ctl'

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

（2）恢复步骤

拷贝一个好的控制文件：

cp control02.ctl control01.ctl

shutdown immediate;

startup;

Database mounted.

ORA-01122: database file 1 failed verification check

ORA-01110: data file 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/system01.dbf'

ORA-01207: file is more recent than controlfile - old controlfile

rman target sys@dbnms catalog rmanuser@cata

run{

allocate channel c1 type disk;

restore database;

recover database;

sql 'alter database open';

release channel c1;

}

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-03009: failure of sql command on default channel at 09/08/2005 17:29:04

RMAN-11003: failure during parse/execution of SQL statement: alter database open

ORA-00322: log 3 of thread 1 is not current copy

ORA-00312: online log 3 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo03.log'

ORA-00312: online log 3 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo13.log'

ORA-00312: online log 3 thread 1: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/redo23.log'

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;

alter database open;

恢复成功

说明：如果是裸设备，文件不能直接复制，恢复一个控制文件

思路：比如ctl1损坏，可以让ctl2和ctl3工作

a. 根据spfile创建pfile

Sql>startup nomunt;

Sql>cretate pfile=' /oracle/init.ora' from spfile

b. 修改file内容，是里面的控制文件配置方式，然后从pfile启动

Sql>startup pfile=' /oracle/init.ora'

注：如果在操作系统里面不给修改，可以将文件拷出来修改

7． 损坏全部控制文件

（1）故障模拟

删除控制文件：rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/control01.ctl

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

ORA-00210: cannot open the specified controlfile

ORA-00202: controlfile: '/u02/oradata/dbnms/control01.ctl'

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

（2）恢复步骤

shutdown abort;

startup nomount;

rman target sys catalog rmanuser@cata

run{

allocate channel c1 type disk;

restore controlfile;

restore database;

sql 'alter database mount';

recover database;

sql 'alter database open resetlogs';

release channel c1;

}

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-03002: failure of recover command at 09/08/2005 17:43:31

RMAN-06054: media recovery requesting unknown log: thread 1 seq 9 lowscn 670233

alter database open resetlogs;

做一个full备份：

/home/oracle/dbbat/backup_full.sh

恢复成功

如果没有备份：可以考虑重建控制文件：但是这个是最后一步，万不得已千万不要用

重建控制文件，此时的初始化参数文件还是用的3个控制文件

Sql>shutdown immediate;

Sql>startup;

--这个时候会报缺少控制文件的错误

Sql>e'路径';

--找到目录下面的sql文件，把创建控制文件的脚步找出来，在sql窗口刷一遍，下面就可以打开数据库了

Sql> alter database open; --或者 alter database open resetlogs;

8． 损坏临时数据文件

（1）故障模拟

删除临时数据文件：rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

启动数据库：startup;

（2）恢复步骤

alter database tempfile '/u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf' drop;

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01516: nonexistent log file, datafile, or tempfile

"/u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf"

alter tablespace temp add tempfile '/u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf' size 50M autoextend on next 5M maxsize unlimited;

恢复成功

9． 损坏spfile参数文件

（1）故障模拟

删除spfile文件：rm $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/spfiledbnms.ora

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

启动数据库：startup;

（2）恢复步骤

startup nomount;

rman target sys catalog rmanuser@cata

restore spfile;

shutdown immediate;

startup;

恢复成功

10． 损坏全部文件（包括全部数据文件、控制文件、临时数据文件、联机日志文件）

（1）故障模拟

删除全部文件：rm /u02/oradata/dbnms/*

关闭数据库：shutdown immediate;

ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel

（2）恢复步骤

sqlplus sys as sysdba

startup nomount;

rman target sys catalog rmanuser@cata

还原控制文件：restore controlfile;

还原数据库：restore database;

mount 数据库：alter database mount;

恢复数据库：recover database;

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-03002: failure of recover command at 09/09/2005 10:33:13

RMAN-06054: media recovery requesting unknown log: thread 1 seq 19 lowscn 718284

用resetlogs方式打开数据库：alter database open resetlogs;

database opened

new incarnation of database registered in recovery catalog

starting full resync of recovery catalog

full resync complete

重建临时文件：

sqlplus sys as sysdba

alter database tempfile '/u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf' drop;

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01516: nonexistent log file, datafile, or tempfile

"/u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf"

alter tablespace temp add tempfile '/u02/oradata/dbnms/temp01.dbf' size 50M autoextend on next 5M maxsize unlimited;

执行一次全库备份：/home/oracle/dbbat/backup_full.sh

恢复成功