python 数据存储

python常用数据存储方法

txt

with open('test.txt','w',encoding='utf8') as f:
    f.write('sdfasdf'+'\n')

json

object = json.loads(jsonstr) : json字符串 转化为 python对象

str = json.dumps(objects,indent=2) ：python对象 转化为 json字符串

注意：输出中文要设置ensure_ascii为False，还要注意编码

with open('test.txt','w',encoding='utf8') as f:
    f.write(json.dumps(objects,indent=2,ensure_ascii=False))

操作文件

import json

with open('jiuba.json', 'w', encoding='utf8') as f:
    json.dump(res.json(), f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)

with open('jiuba.json', encoding='utf8') as f:
    jiuba_dict = json.load(f)

csv

用csv模块写，用pandas.read_csv() 读取很方便

import csv
from pandas import read_csv

with open('csv.csv', 'w', encoding='utf8') as f:
    writer = csv.writer(f, delimiter=',')
    writer.writerow(['id', 'name', 'age'])
    writer.writerows(
        (['1', 'bob', '12'],
         ['2', 'amy', '21'])
    )

# 读写字典格式
with open('dict.csv', 'w', encoding='utf8') as f:
    field_headers = ['id', 'name', 'age']
    writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=field_headers)
    writer.writeheader()
    writer.writerow({
        'id': 3,
        'name': 'Mike',
        'age': 22
    })


df = read_csv('csv.csv')
print(df)

msyql

安装pymysql

pip install PyMySQL

To use “sha256_password” or “caching_sha2_password” for authenticate,

you need to install additional dependency:

pip install PyMySQL[rsa]

连接

单实例连接

db = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306,
                         user='root', password='huajian')
cursor = db.cursor()

建库建表

cursor.execute(f'create database if not exists {db_name};')
cursor.execute(f'use {db_name};')
cursor.execute(
    f'create table if not exists {table_name}(id varchar(20), sex varchar(30),name varchar(20), age int, primary key (id));')

插入

data = {
    'id': '465674646',
    'name': 'Mike',
    'age': 25,
    'sex': 'Male'
}

# ================================================
# insert ignore 使用唯一约束情况下，存在则不插入，保持原来数据
# =================================================

table_name = 'xxxx'
keys = ','.join(data.keys())
values = ','.join(map(lambda x: f'"{x}"', data.values()))
sql = f'insert ignore into {table_name}({keys}) values({values});'
try:
    cursor.execute(sql)
    db.commit()
except:
    db.rollback()
    
# =================================================
# insert update 使用唯一约束情况下，存在则替换，更换为新数据
# =================================================

keys = ','.join(data.keys())
values = ','.join(map(lambda x: f'"{x}"', data.values()))
update_sql = ','.join([f'{k} = "{v}"' for k, v in data.items()])
sql = f'insert into {table_name}({keys}) values({values}) on duplicate key update {update_sql};'
try:
    cursor.execute(sql)
    db.commit()
except:
    db.rollback()
        
cursor.close()
db.close()

删除

修改

查询

sql = 'select * from xtable;'
cursor.execute(sql)
res = cursor.fetchall()      # res = cursor.fetchone()
……

# =======================================================
# 下面是逐条获取
# =======================================================


sql = 'select * from xtabel;'
try:
    cursor.execute(sql)
    print('Count:',cursor.rowcount)
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    print(row)
    while row:
        row = cursor.fetchone()
        print(row)
except:
    print('error')

mongodb

安装

pip install --upgrade pymongo

连接

client = pymongo.MongoClient(host='localhost', port=27017)

建库建文档

db = client.test_db
collection = db.test_collection

增

collection.insert_one({……})
collection.insert_many({……},{……})

删

collection.remove({……})

改

# 正常情况：查找，然后修改

# 下面这个，去重插入，
collection.update_one({'id': data1['id']}, {'$set': data1}, True)

查

collection.find()
collection.find_one()

collection.find().count()

redis

安装

pip install redis hiredis

连接

连接池不需要管关闭的事情

import redis


pool = redis.ConnectionPool(host='localhost',
                            port=6379,
                            db=15,
                            decode_responses=True)

r = redis.StrictRedis(connection_pool=pool)

操作

公用方法

方法	作用	例子
exists()	判断是否存在
delete()	删除一个键
type()	判断键类型
keys(pattern)	获取所有符合规则的键	keys(*)
randomkey()	随机获取一个键
rename(src,dst)
dbsize()
expire(name,time)
ttl()
move(name)	把键移动到其他数据库
flushdb()	清空当前数据库
flushall()	清空所有数据库
expire()

字符串

方法	作用	例子
set
get
getset()
mget()
mset()
incr(name,amount=1)
decr(name, amount=1)
append(key,value)

列表

方法	作用	例子
rpush()	末尾添加一个元素
lpush()
lpop()
rpop()
llen(name)
lrange(name,start,end)
lindex(name,index)
lset(name,index,value)		lset(‘list’,1,5) 索引为1的元素，赋值为5
lrem(name.count,value)		lrem(‘list’,2,3) 删除两个3

集合

方法	作用	例子
sadd(setname,*values)
srem(setname,*values)
spop(setname)
smove(src,dst,value)	把value移动到另外一个集合中去
scard(name)	获取元素个数
sismember(setname,value)	判断
sinter([setname,setname,……])	返回交集
sunion([setname,setname,……])	返回并集
sdiff([setname,setname,……])	返回差集
smembers(setname)	查看全部元素
srandmember(setname)	随即返回一个元素，不删除

有序集合

方法	作用	例子
zadd()		zadd(‘grade’,100,‘bob’,98,‘mike’)
zrem()		zrem(‘grade’,‘Mike’)
zincrby()		zincrby(‘grade’,‘bob’,-2)
zrank(setname,value)	返回名次，从小到大排序	zrank(‘grade’,‘amy’)
zrevrank(setname,value)	返回名词，从大到小排序
zrevrange(setname,start,end)		zrevrange(‘grade’,0,3)
zrangebyscore(setname,start,end)		zrangebyscore(‘grade’,85,100)
zcount(setname,min,max)	min->max之间的个数
zcard(setname)	返回个数
zremrangebyrank(setname,min,max)	删除
zremrangebyscore(setname,min,max)	删除元素

散列

方法	作用	例子
hset()		hset(‘price’,‘cake’,5)
hget()
hmset()
hmget()
hincrby()
hexists()
hdel()
hlen()
hkeys()
hvals()
hgetall()

其他

sqlalchemy

dialect+driver://username:password@host:port/database

例如：

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine("mysql://scott:tiger@hostname/dbname",
                            encoding='latin1', echo=True, pool_size=10)

例子：

from sqlalchemy import create_engine


DB_NAME = 'only_test'
TABLE_NAME = 'students'
DB_URI = f'mysql://root:huajian@localhost:3306/{DB_NAME}'


engine = create_engine(DB_URI, encoding='utf8', echo=True)
conn = engine.connect()

sql_cre_table = f'''
create table if not exists {TABLE_NAME}(
    id int(11) auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    age int,
    grade int,
    primary key (id)
)
'''

sql_insert_1 = f'insert ignore into {TABLE_NAME}(name,age,grade) values ("bob",21,98);'
sql_insert_2 = f'insert ignore into {TABLE_NAME}(name,age,grade) values ("amy",21,98);'

# 一次性commit
with conn.begin() as trans:
    conn.execute(sql_cre_table)
    conn.execute(sql_insert_1)
    conn.execute(sql_insert_2)
    res = conn.execute('select count(*) from region_new;')
    for i in res:
        print(i)
    trans.commit()

postgresql

# default
engine = create_engine('postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/mydatabase')

# psycopg2
engine = create_engine('postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/mydatabase')

# pg8000
engine = create_engine('postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@localhost/mydatabase')

mysql

# default
engine = create_engine('mysql://scott:tiger@localhost/foo')

# mysqlclient (a maintained fork of MySQL-Python)
engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/foo')

# PyMySQL
engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/foo')

oracle

engine = create_engine('oracle://scott:[email protected]:1521/sidname')

engine = create_engine('oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@tnsname')

Microsoft SQL Server

# pyodbc
engine = create_engine('mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@mydsn')

# pymssql
engine = create_engine('mssql+pymssql://scott:tiger@hostname:port/dbname')

sqlite

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///foo.db')

# to use a SQLite :memory: database, specify an empty URL:
engine = create_engine('sqlite://')