pandas模块

pandas官方文档：https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/?v=20190307135750

pandas基于Numpy，可以看成是处理文本或者表格数据。pandas中有两个主要的数据结构，其中Series数据结构类似于Numpy中的一维数组，DataFrame类似于多维表格数据结构。

pandas是python数据分析的核心模块。它主要提供了五大功能:

1. 支持文件存取操作，支持数据库(sql)、html、json、pickle、csv(txt、excel)、sas、stata、hdf等。
2. 支持增删改查、切片、高阶函数、分组聚合等单表操作，以及和dict、list的互相转换。
3. 支持多表拼接合并操作。
4. 支持简单的绘图操作。
5. 支持简单的统计分析操作。

一、Series数据结构

Series是一种类似于一维数组的对象，由一组数据和一组与之相关的数据标签（索引）组成。

Series比较像列表（数组）和字典的结合体

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

df = pd.Series(0, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
print(df)

a    0
b    0
c    0
d    0
dtype: int64

print(df.values)

[0 0 0 0]

print(df.index)

Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], dtype='object')

1.1 Series支持NumPy模块的特性（下标）

详解	方法
从ndarray创建Series	Series(arr)
与标量运算	df*2
两个Series运算	df1+df2
索引	df[0], df[[1,2,4]]
切片	df[0:2]
通用函数	np.abs(df)
布尔值过滤	df[df>0]

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan])
print(arr)

[ 1.  2.  3.  4. nan]

df = pd.Series(arr, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
print(df)

a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
e    NaN
dtype: float64

print(df**2)

a     1.0
b     4.0
c     9.0
d    16.0
e     NaN
dtype: float64

print(df[0])

1.0

print(df['a'])

1.0

print(df[[0, 1, 2]])

a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
dtype: float64

print(df[0:2])

a    1.0
b    2.0
dtype: float64

np.sin(df)

a    0.841471
b    0.909297
c    0.141120
d   -0.756802
e         NaN
dtype: float64

df[df > 1]

b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
dtype: float64

1.2 Series支持字典的特性（标签）

详解	方法
从字典创建Series	Series(dic),
in运算	’a’ in sr
键索引	sr['a'], sr[['a', 'b', 'd']]

df = pd.Series({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
print(df)

a    1
b    2
dtype: int64

print('a' in df)

True

print(df['a'])

1

1.3 Series缺失数据处理

方法	详解
dropna()	过滤掉值为NaN的行
fillna()	填充缺失数据
isnull()	返回布尔数组，缺失值对应为True
notnull()	返回布尔数组，缺失值对应为False

df = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
print(df)

a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
e    NaN
dtype: float64

print(df.dropna())

a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
dtype: float64

print(df.fillna(5))

a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
e    5.0
dtype: float64

print(df.isnull())

a    False
b    False
c    False
d    False
e     True
dtype: bool

print(df.notnull())

a     True
b     True
c     True
d     True
e    False
dtype: bool

二、DataFrame数据结构

DataFrame是一个表格型的数据结构，含有一组有序的列。

DataFrame可以被看做是由Series组成的字典，并且共用一个索引。

2.1 产生时间对象数组：date_range

date_range参数详解：

参数	详解
start	开始时间
end	结束时间
periods	时间长度
freq	时间频率，默认为'D'，可选H(our),W(eek),B(usiness),S(emi-)M(onth),(min)T(es), S(econd), A(year),…

dates = pd.date_range('20190101', periods=6, freq='M')
print(dates)

DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30',
               '2019-05-31', '2019-06-30'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')

np.random.seed(1)
arr = 10 * np.random.randn(6, 4)
print(arr)

[[ 16.24345364  -6.11756414  -5.28171752 -10.72968622]
 [  8.65407629 -23.01538697  17.44811764  -7.61206901]
 [  3.19039096  -2.49370375  14.62107937 -20.60140709]
 [ -3.22417204  -3.84054355  11.33769442 -10.99891267]
 [ -1.72428208  -8.77858418   0.42213747   5.82815214]
 [-11.00619177  11.4472371    9.01590721   5.02494339]]

df = pd.DataFrame(arr, index=dates, columns=['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
df

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-04-30	-3.224172	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

三、DataFrame属性

属性	详解
dtype是	查看数据类型
index	查看行序列或者索引
columns	查看各列的标签
values	查看数据框内的数据，也即不含表头索引的数据
describe	查看数据每一列的极值，均值，中位数，只可用于数值型数据
transpose	转置，也可用Ｔ来操作
sort_index	排序，可按行或列index排序输出
sort_values	按数据值来排序

# 查看数据类型
print(df2.dtypes)

0    float64
1    float64
2    float64
3    float64
dtype: object

df

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-04-30	-3.224172	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

print(df.index)

DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30',
               '2019-05-31', '2019-06-30'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')

print(df.columns)

Index(['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'], dtype='object')

print(df.values)

[[ 16.24345364  -6.11756414  -5.28171752 -10.72968622]
 [  8.65407629 -23.01538697  17.44811764  -7.61206901]
 [  3.19039096  -2.49370375  14.62107937 -20.60140709]
 [ -3.22417204  -3.84054355  11.33769442 -10.99891267]
 [ -1.72428208  -8.77858418   0.42213747   5.82815214]
 [-11.00619177  11.4472371    9.01590721   5.02494339]]

df.describe()

	c1	c2	c3	c4
count	6.000000	6.000000	6.000000	6.000000
mean	2.022213	-5.466424	7.927203	-6.514830
std	9.580084	11.107772	8.707171	10.227641
min	-11.006192	-23.015387	-5.281718	-20.601407
25%	-2.849200	-8.113329	2.570580	-10.931606
50%	0.733054	-4.979054	10.176801	-9.170878
75%	7.288155	-2.830414	13.800233	1.865690
max	16.243454	11.447237	17.448118	5.828152

df.T

	2019-01-31 00:00:00	2019-02-28 00:00:00	2019-03-31 00:00:00	2019-04-30 00:00:00	2019-05-31 00:00:00	2019-06-30 00:00:00
c1	16.243454	8.654076	3.190391	-3.224172	-1.724282	-11.006192
c2	-6.117564	-23.015387	-2.493704	-3.840544	-8.778584	11.447237
c3	-5.281718	17.448118	14.621079	11.337694	0.422137	9.015907
c4	-10.729686	-7.612069	-20.601407	-10.998913	5.828152	5.024943

# 按行标签[c1, c2, c3, c4]从大到小排序
df.sort_index(axis=0)

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-04-30	-3.224172	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

# 按列标签[2019-01-01, 2019-01-02...]从大到小排序
df.sort_index(axis=1)

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-04-30	-3.224172	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

# 按c2列的值从大到小排序
df.sort_values(by='c2')

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-04-30	-3.224172	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

四、DataFrame取值

df

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-04-30	-3.224172	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

4.1 通过columns取值

df['c2']

2019-01-31    -6.117564
2019-02-28   -23.015387
2019-03-31    -2.493704
2019-04-30    -3.840544
2019-05-31    -8.778584
2019-06-30    11.447237
Freq: M, Name: c2, dtype: float64

df[['c2', 'c3']]

	c2	c3
2019-01-31	-6.117564	-5.281718
2019-02-28	-23.015387	17.448118
2019-03-31	-2.493704	14.621079
2019-04-30	-3.840544	11.337694
2019-05-31	-8.778584	0.422137
2019-06-30	11.447237	9.015907

4.2 loc（通过行标签取值）

# 通过自定义的行标签选择数据
df.loc['2019-01-01':'2019-01-03']

	c1	c2	c3	c4

df[0:3]

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407

4.3 iloc（类似于numpy数组取值）

df.values

array([[ 16.24345364,  -6.11756414,  -5.28171752, -10.72968622],
       [  8.65407629, -23.01538697,  17.44811764,  -7.61206901],
       [  3.19039096,  -2.49370375,  14.62107937, -20.60140709],
       [ -3.22417204,  -3.84054355,  11.33769442, -10.99891267],
       [ -1.72428208,  -8.77858418,   0.42213747,   5.82815214],
       [-11.00619177,  11.4472371 ,   9.01590721,   5.02494339]])

# 通过行索引选择数据
print(df.iloc[2, 1])

-2.493703754774101

df.iloc[1:4, 1:4]

	c2	c3	c4
2019-02-28	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-04-30	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913

4.4 使用逻辑判断取值

df[df['c1'] > 0]

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407

df[(df['c1'] > 0) & (df['c2'] > -8)]

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407

五、DataFrame值替换

df

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	16.243454	-6.117564	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	8.654076	-23.015387	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	3.190391	-2.493704	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-04-30	-3.224172	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

df.iloc[0:3, 0:2] = 0
df

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	0.000000	0.000000	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	0.000000	0.000000	17.448118	-7.612069
2019-03-31	0.000000	0.000000	14.621079	-20.601407
2019-04-30	-3.224172	-3.840544	11.337694	-10.998913
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

df['c3'] > 10

2019-01-31    False
2019-02-28     True
2019-03-31     True
2019-04-30     True
2019-05-31    False
2019-06-30    False
Freq: M, Name: c3, dtype: bool

# 针对行做处理
df[df['c3'] > 10] = 100
df

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	0.000000	0.000000	-5.281718	-10.729686
2019-02-28	100.000000	100.000000	100.000000	100.000000
2019-03-31	100.000000	100.000000	100.000000	100.000000
2019-04-30	100.000000	100.000000	100.000000	100.000000
2019-05-31	-1.724282	-8.778584	0.422137	5.828152
2019-06-30	-11.006192	11.447237	9.015907	5.024943

# 针对行做处理
df = df.astype(np.int32)
df[df['c3'].isin([100])] = 1000
df

	c1	c2	c3	c4
2019-01-31	0	0	-5	-10
2019-02-28	1000	1000	1000	1000
2019-03-31	1000	1000	1000	1000
2019-04-30	1000	1000	1000	1000
2019-05-31	-1	-8	0	5
2019-06-30	-11	11	9	5

六、读取CSV文件

import pandas as pd
from io import StringIO
test_data = '''
5.1,,1.4,0.2
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2
4.7,3.2,,0.2
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5
6.9,3.1,4.9,
,,,
'''

test_data = StringIO(test_data)
df = pd.read_csv(test_data, header=None)
df.columns = ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']
df

	c1	c2	c3	c4
0	5.1	NaN	1.4	0.2
1	4.9	3.0	1.4	0.2
2	4.7	3.2	NaN	0.2
3	7.0	3.2	4.7	1.4
4	6.4	3.2	4.5	1.5
5	6.9	3.1	4.9	NaN
6	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN

七、处理丢失数据

df.isnull()

	c1	c2	c3	c4
0	False	True	False	False
1	False	False	False	False
2	False	False	True	False
3	False	False	False	False
4	False	False	False	False
5	False	False	False	True
6	True	True	True	True

# 通过在isnull()方法后使用sum()方法即可获得该数据集某个特征含有多少个缺失值
print(df.isnull().sum())

c1    1
c2    2
c3    2
c4    2
dtype: int64

# axis=0删除有NaN值的行
df.dropna(axis=0)

	c1	c2	c3	c4
1	4.9	3.0	1.4	0.2
3	7.0	3.2	4.7	1.4
4	6.4	3.2	4.5	1.5

# axis=1删除有NaN值的列
df.dropna(axis=1)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

# 删除全为NaN值得行或列
df.dropna(how='all')

	c1	c2	c3	c4
0	5.1	NaN	1.4	0.2
1	4.9	3.0	1.4	0.2
2	4.7	3.2	NaN	0.2
3	7.0	3.2	4.7	1.4
4	6.4	3.2	4.5	1.5
5	6.9	3.1	4.9	NaN

# 删除行不为4个值的
df.dropna(thresh=4)

	c1	c2	c3	c4
1	4.9	3.0	1.4	0.2
3	7.0	3.2	4.7	1.4
4	6.4	3.2	4.5	1.5

# 删除c2中有NaN值的行
df.dropna(subset=['c2'])

	c1	c2	c3	c4
1	4.9	3.0	1.4	0.2
2	4.7	3.2	NaN	0.2
3	7.0	3.2	4.7	1.4
4	6.4	3.2	4.5	1.5
5	6.9	3.1	4.9	NaN

# 填充nan值
df.fillna(value=10)

	c1	c2	c3	c4
0	5.1	10.0	1.4	0.2
1	4.9	3.0	1.4	0.2
2	4.7	3.2	10.0	0.2
3	7.0	3.2	4.7	1.4
4	6.4	3.2	4.5	1.5
5	6.9	3.1	4.9	10.0
6	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0

八、合并数据

df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros((3, 4)))
df1

	0	1	2	3
0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3, 4)))
df2

	0	1	2	3
0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0

# axis=0合并列
pd.concat((df1, df2), axis=0)

	0	1	2	3
0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0

# axis=1合并行
pd.concat((df1, df2), axis=1)

	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3
0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0

# append只能合并列
df1.append(df2)

	0	1	2	3
0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0

九、导入导出数据

使用df = pd.read_excel(filename)读取文件，使用df.to_excel(filename)保存文件。

9.1 读取文件导入数据

读取文件导入数据函数主要参数：

参数	详解
sep	指定分隔符，可用正则表达式如'\s+'
header=None	指定文件无行名
name	指定列名
index_col	指定某列作为索引
skip_row	指定跳过某些行
na_values	指定某些字符串表示缺失值
parse_dates	指定某些列是否被解析为日期，布尔值或列表

df = pd.read_excel(filename)
df = pd.read_csv(filename)

9.2 写入文件导出数据

写入文件函数的主要参数：

参数	详解
sep	分隔符
na_rep	指定缺失值转换的字符串，默认为空字符串
header=False	不保存列名
index=False	不保存行索引
cols	指定输出的列，传入列表

df.to_excel(filename)

十、pandas读取json文件

strtext = '[{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3391","code":"8,4,5,2,9","code1":"297734529","code2":null,"time":1013395466000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3390","code":"7,8,2,1,2","code1":"298058212","code2":null,"time":1013395406000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3389","code":"5,9,1,2,9","code1":"298329129","code2":null,"time":1013395346000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3388","code":"3,8,7,3,3","code1":"298588733","code2":null,"time":1013395286000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3387","code":"0,8,5,2,7","code1":"298818527","code2":null,"time":1013395226000}]'

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
df

	code	code1	code2	issue	time	ttery
0	8,4,5,2,9	297734529	NaN	20130801-3391	1013395466000	min
1	7,8,2,1,2	298058212	NaN	20130801-3390	1013395406000	min
2	5,9,1,2,9	298329129	NaN	20130801-3389	1013395346000	min
3	3,8,7,3,3	298588733	NaN	20130801-3388	1013395286000	min
4	0,8,5,2,7	298818527	NaN	20130801-3387	1013395226000	min

df.to_excel('pandas处理json.xlsx',
            index=False,
            columns=["ttery", "issue", "code", "code1", "code2", "time"])

10.1 orient参数的五种形式

orient是表明预期的json字符串格式。orient的设置有以下五个值：

1.'split' : dict like {index -> [index], columns -> [columns], data -> [values]}

这种就是有索引，有列字段,和数据矩阵构成的json格式。key名称只能是index,columns和data。

s = '{"index":[1,2,3],"columns":["a","b"],"data":[[1,3],[2,8],[3,9]]}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='split')
df

	a	b
1	1	3
2	2	8
3	3	9

2.'records' : list like [{column -> value}, ... , {column -> value}]

这种就是成员为字典的列表。如我今天要处理的json数据示例所见。构成是列字段为键,值为键值,每一个字典成员就构成了dataframe的一行数据。

strtext = '[{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3391","code":"8,4,5,2,9","code1":"297734529","code2":null,"time":1013395466000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3390","code":"7,8,2,1,2","code1":"298058212","code2":null,"time":1013395406000}]'

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
df

	code	code1	code2	issue	time	ttery
0	8,4,5,2,9	297734529	NaN	20130801-3391	1013395466000	min
1	7,8,2,1,2	298058212	NaN	20130801-3390	1013395406000	min

3.'index' : dict like {index -> {column -> value}}

以索引为key,以列字段构成的字典为键值。如：

s = '{"0":{"a":1,"b":2},"1":{"a":9,"b":11}}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='index')
df

	a	b
0	1	2
1	9	11

4.'columns' : dict like {column -> {index -> value}}

这种处理的就是以列为键，对应一个值字典的对象。这个字典对象以索引为键,以值为键值构成的json字符串。如下图所示:

s = '{"a":{"0":1,"1":9},"b":{"0":2,"1":11}}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='columns')
df

	a	b
0	1	2
1	9	11

5.'values' : just the values array。

values这种我们就很常见了。就是一个嵌套的列表。里面的成员也是列表，2层的。

s = '[["a",1],["b",2]]'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='values')
df

	0	1
0	a	1
1	b	2

十一、pandas读取sql语句

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pymysql


def conn(sql):
    # 连接到mysql数据库
    conn = pymysql.connect(
        host="localhost",
        port=3306,
        user="root",
        passwd="123",
        db="db1",
    )
    try:
        data = pd.read_sql(sql, con=conn)
        return data
    except Exception as e:
        print("SQL is not correct!")
    finally:
        conn.close()


sql = "select * from test1 limit 0, 10"  # sql语句
data = conn(sql)
print(data.columns.tolist())  # 查看字段
print(data)  # 查看数据