每日一练——大数加减乘除运算实现（网易笔试题）
前几天做网易笔试题时最后一道题是设计一个大数类，实现加减运算，因为做这道题时只有5分钟，结果我刚把类写出来，考试时间就结束了。其实在去年12月我写过一个RSA的加解密程序，其中就用到了大数的加减乘除运算（当然这只是RSA用到的一小部分），没有把最后一题写上去实在太可惜了(>﹏<。)～，今天把我设计的大数类贴出来，后面顺便附上面试时经常会让手写的加、减、乘代码。
一般的，我们会用一个很大的数组来表示一个大数，数组中的每一个数（0~9）来代表大数中的某一位，比如big_num[1000],那么这个数能够表示1000位大数，后来又人想到用数组中的每个数来表示0~99999999,这样数组只需要1000 / 8 = 125个元素即可实现。那么问题来了，一个unsigned long能表示的范围是0～4294967295也就是十六进制的0~0xFFFFFFFF,为什么我们不充分利用unsigned long能表示范围的的每一个数呢？
#define MAXLEN 64
typedef unsigned char BYTE;
class big_int
{
public:
......
void set_zero();//大数清零
void modify_bit();//修正大数位数
big_int& mov(big_int &obj);//大数赋值大数
int cmp(big_int &obj);//两个大数进行比较，大于返回1，等于返回0，小于返回-1
big_int& add(big_int &num1, big_int &num2);//大数加大数 A=B+C
big_int& add(big_int &num);//大数加大数 A+=B
big_int& Sub(big_int &num1, big_int &num2);//大数减大数 A=B-C
big_int& Sub(big_int &num);//大数减大数 A-=B
big_int& mul(big_int &num1, big_int &num2);//大数乘大数 A=B*C
big_int& mul(big_int &num);//大数乘大数 A*=B
big_int& div(big_int &num1, big_int &num2);//大数除大数 A=B/C
big_int& div(big_int &num);//大数除大数 A/=B
......
public:
int sign;//正数为1，负数为0
uint32_t data[MAXLEN];//数组中每一个数代表大数2^32次方进制的每一位
int length;//大数使用int的长度
int bit;//大数的二进制位位数
};//大数加大数A=B+C
big_int& big_int::add(big_int &num1, big_int &num2)
{
uint32_t carry = 0;
uint64_t tmp;//用于存放两个无符号整形数(32位)的和，结果可能超过32位
set_zero();
length = num1.length > num2.length ? num1.length : num2.length;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
tmp = (uint64_t)num1.data[i] + (uint64_t)num2.data[i] + (uint64_t)carry;
data[i] = (uint32_t)(tmp & 0x00000000FFFFFFFF);//data[i] = tmp % 0x100000000
carry = (uint32_t)(tmp >> 32);//carry = tmp / 0x100000000)
}
if (carry != 0)
{
data[length++] = carry;
}
modify_bit();
return *this;
}
//大数减大数 在减之前确保被减数大于减数A=B-C
big_int& big_int::sub(big_int &num1, big_int &num2)
{
uint32_t carry = 0;
uint64_t tmp;
set_zero();
if (num1.cmp(num2) < 0)//如果被减数小于减数，交换两数再相减，符号位为负
{
big_int bi_tmp;
bi_tmp.mov(num1);
num1.mov(num2);
num2.mov(bi_tmp);
sign = -1;
}
int length = num1.length > num2.length ? num1.length : num2.length;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
if ((uint64_t)num1.data[i] >= (uint64_t)num2.data[i] + (uint64_t)carry)
//如果obj.data[i] = 0xFFFFFFFF, carry = 1,相加会溢出，所以强转为uint64_t
{
data[i] = num1.data[i] - num2.data[i] - carry;
carry = 0;
}
else//minuend.data[i] < obj.data[i] + carry
{
tmp = num1.data[i] | 0x100000000;//tmp = num1.data[i] + 0x100000000;
tmp = tmp - num2.data[i] - carry;//tmp一定小于0x100000000
data[i] = (uint32_t)tmp;
carry = 1;
}
}
modify_bit();
return *this;
}
//两个大数相乘
big_int& big_int::mul(big_int &num1, big_int &num2)
{
uint32_t carry;
uint64_t tmp;//两个32位二进制数相乘结果不会超过64位
big_int bi_tmp;
set_zero();
for (int i = 0; i < num2.length; i++)
{
carry = 0;
bi_tmp.set_zero();
for (int j = 0; j < num1.length; j++)
{
tmp = (uint64_t)num1.data[j] * (uint64_t)num2.data[i]
+ (uint64_t)carry;
bi_tmp.data[bi_tmp.length++] = (uint32_t)(tmp & 0x00000000FFFFFFFF);
//等价于bi_tmp.data[bi_tmp.length++] = tmp % 0x100000000
carry = (uint32_t)(tmp >> 32);//等价于carry = tmp / 0x100000000)
}
if (carry != 0)
{
bi_tmp.data[bi_tmp.length++] = carry;
}
bi_tmp.left_move_len(i);
add(bi_tmp);
}
modify_bit();
return *this;
}
//大数除大数，采用试商的方法
big_int& big_int::div(big_int &num1, big_int &num2)
{
big_int bi_tmp, bi_dividend;
int len;
uint64_t dividend_num;
uint32_t div_num;
bi_dividend.mov(num1);
set_zero();
while (bi_dividend.cmp(num2) > 0)
{
if (bi_dividend.data[bi_dividend.length-1] > num2.data[num2.length-1])
{
len = bi_dividend.length - num2.length;
//这里采用五入的试商方法
div_num = bi_dividend.data[bi_dividend.length-1] / (num2.data[num2.length-1]+1);
}
else if (bi_dividend.length > num2.length)
{
len = bi_dividend.length - num2.length - 1;
dividend_num = (uint64_t)bi_dividend.data[bi_dividend.length-1];
dividend_num = (dividend_num << 32) + bi_dividend.data[bi_dividend.length-2];
if (num2.data[num2.length-1] == 0xFFFFFFFF)
{
div_num = (uint32_t)(dividend_num >> 32);//dividend_num / 0x100000000 等价于 dividend_num >> 32
}
else
{
div_num = (uint32_t)(dividend_num / (uint64_t)(num2.data[num2.length-1]+1));
}
}
else//被除数最高位等于除数最高位 被除数位数等于除数位数
{
add(1);//被除数除以除数的商一定为1
break;
}
bi_tmp.mov(div_num);
bi_tmp.left_move_len(len);
add(bi_tmp);
bi_tmp.mul(num2);
bi_dividend.sub(bi_tmp);
}
if (bi_dividend.cmp(num2) == 0)
{
add(1);
}
modify_bit();
return *this;
}在面试和笔试中当然不能这么玩，附上面试时让手写的带符号的加减乘代码。
//无符号加法，且num1 >= num2
string unsigned_add(string num1, string num2)
{
int len1 = num1.size();
int len2 = num2.size();
int carry = 0;
string result = "";
int tmp;
while (num1.size() != num2.size())//加0补齐
{
num2 = '0' + num2;
}
for (int i = len1 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
tmp = num1[i] - '0' + num2[i] - '0' + carry;
result += tmp % 10 + '0';
carry = tmp / 10;
}
if (carry)
{
result += carry + '0';
}
reverse(result.begin(), result.end());
return result;
}
//无符号减法，且num1 >= num2
string unsigned_sub(string num1, string num2)
{
int len1 = num1.size();
int len2 = num2.size();
int carry = 0;
string result = "";
while (num1.size() != num2.size())//加0补齐
{
num2 = '0' + num2;
}
for (int i = len1 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
if (num1[i] >= num2[i] + carry)
{
result += num1[i] - num2[i] - carry + '0';
carry = 0;
}
else
{
result += 10 + num1[i] - num2[i] - carry + '0';
carry = 1;
}
}
while (result[result.size() - 1] == '0')//去掉多余的0
{
result = result.substr(0, result.size() - 1);
}
reverse(result.begin(), result.end());
return result;
}
//无符号乘法
string unsigned_mul(string num1, string num2)
{
int len1 = num1.size();
int len2 = num2.size();
int cur, carry, tmp;
string result = "";
while (result.size() != len1 + len2)
{
result = '0' + result;
}
for (int i = len1 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
cur = len1 - 1 - i;
carry = 0;
for (int j = len2 - 1; j >= 0; j--)
{
tmp = result[cur] - '0' + (num1[i] - '0') * (num2[j] - '0') + carry;
result[cur] = tmp % 10 + '0';
carry = tmp / 10;
cur++;
}
if (carry)
{
result[cur++] = carry + '0';
}
}
while (result[result.size() - 1] == '0')//去掉多余的0
{
result = result.substr(0, result.size() - 1);
}
reverse(result.begin(), result.end());
return result;
}
//把符号位从string中分离开来
int separate(string &num)
{
if (num[0] == '-')
{
num = num.substr(1, num.size());
return -1;
}
else
{
return 1;
}
}
//带符号的加法
string add(string num1, string num2)
{
int sign1, sign2, tmp;
sign1 = separate(num1);
sign2 = separate(num2);
string result;
if (num1.size() < num2.size() || num1.size() == num2.size() && num1.compare(num2) < 0)
{
num1.swap(num2);
tmp = sign1;
sign1 = sign2;
sign2 = tmp;
}
if (sign1 == -1 && sign2 == 1)
{
result = '-' + unsigned_sub(num1, num2);
}
else if (sign1 == 1 && sign2 == -1)
{
result = unsigned_sub(num1, num2);
}
else if (sign1 == 1 && sign2 == 1)
{
result = unsigned_add(num1, num2);
}
else
{
result = '-' + unsigned_add(num1, num2);
}
return result;
}
//带符号的减法
string sub(string num1, string num2)
{
int sign1, sign2, tmp;
sign1 = separate(num1);
sign2 = separate(num2);
string result;
if (num1.size() < num2.size() || num1.size() == num2.size() && num1.compare(num2) < 0)
{
num1.swap(num2);
tmp = sign1;
sign1 = sign2 * (-1);
sign2 = tmp * (-1);
}
if (sign1 == -1 && sign2 == 1)
{
result = '-' + unsigned_add(num1, num2);
}
else if (sign1 == 1 && sign2 == -1)
{
result = unsigned_add(num1, num2);
}
else if (sign1 == 1 && sign2 == 1)
{
result = unsigned_sub(num1, num2);
}
else
{
result = '-' + unsigned_sub(num1, num2);
}
return result;
}
//带符号的乘法
string mul(string num1, string num2)
{
int sign1, sign2, tmp;
sign1 = separate(num1);
sign2 = separate(num2);
string result;
if (num1.size() < num2.size() || num1.size() == num2.size() && num1.compare(num2) < 0)
{
num1.swap(num2);
tmp = sign1;
sign1 = sign2;
sign2 = tmp;
}
result = unsigned_mul(num1, num2);
if (sign1 * sign2 == -1)
{
result = '-' + result;
}
return result;
}