基于RESTful风格的controller层(SpringMVC)的测试:MockMVC(SpringBoot和JUnit4测试环境)

参考李月云博主的博客园,地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/lyy-2016/p/6122144.html

个人代码

首先附上个人测试过的代码:

/**
 * Description
 *
 * @author Amethyst
 * @date 2017/5/2 15:28
//SpringRunner继承自:SpringJUnit4ClassRunner
@RunWith(SpringRunner::class)
@SpringBootTest
class xxxControllerTest {

    @Resource
    private lateinit var context: WebApplicationContext
    private lateinit var mockMvc: MockMvc

    @get:Rule
    var restDocumentation = JUnitRestDocumentation()

    @Before
    //集成web环境
    fun setUp() {
        this.mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(context)//指定WebApplicationContext ,并获取对应的MockMvc;
                .apply(documentationConfiguration(this.restDocumentation))
                .build()
    }

    @After
    fun tearDown() {
    }

    @Test
    fun loadxxx() {
        val pageNumber = 0
        val pageSize = 30

        val request = get("/xxx")
                .param("pageNumber", "$pageNumber")
                .param("pageSize", "$pageSize")
                .requestAttr("groupUid", "groupTag")
                .requestAttr("userUid", "userTag")
                .requestAttr("roleUid", "roleTag")

        this.mockMvc.perform(request)
                .andExpect(status().isOk)
                .andDo(print())
                .andDo(document("loadxxx"))
    }

SpringMVC测试框架

基于RESTful风格的SpringMVC的测试,可以测试完整的Spring MVC流程,即从URL请求到控制器处理。

一 MockMvcBuilder

MockMvcBuilder:构造MockMvc的构造器,其主要有两个实现:StandaloneMockMvcBuilder和DefaultMockMvcBuilder,分别对应两种测试方式,即独立安装和集成Web环境测试(此种方式并不会集成真正的web环境,而是通过相应的Mock API进行模拟测试,无须启动服务器)。对于我们来说直接使用静态工厂MockMvcBuilders创建即可。

1.集成Web环境方式

MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(WebApplicationContext context):指定WebApplicationContext,将会从该上下文获取相应的控制器并得到相应的MockMvc;

   /**
 * Description
 *
 * @author Amethyst
 * @date 2017/5/2 15:28
//SpringRunner继承自:SpringJUnit4ClassRunner
@RunWith(SpringRunner::class)
@SpringBootTest
class xxxControllerTest {

    @Resource
    private lateinit var context: WebApplicationContext
    private lateinit var mockMvc: MockMvc

    @get:Rule
    var restDocumentation = JUnitRestDocumentation()

    @Before
    //集成web环境
    fun setUp() {
        this.mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(context)//指定WebApplicationContext ,并获取对应的MockMvc;
                .apply(documentationConfiguration(this.restDocumentation))
                .build()
    }

    @After
    fun tearDown() {
    }

    @Test
    fun loadxxx() {
        val pageNumber = 0
        val pageSize = 30

        val request = get("/xxx")
                .param("pageNumber", "$pageNumber")
                .param("pageSize", "$pageSize")
                .requestAttr("groupUid", "groupTag")
                .requestAttr("userUid", "userTag")
                .requestAttr("roleUid", "roleTag")

        this.mockMvc.perform(request)
                .andExpect(status().isOk)
                .andDo(print())
                .andDo(document("loadxxx"))
    }

注意:
(1)@WebAppConfiguration:测试环境使用,用来表示测试环境使用的ApplicationContext将是WebApplicationContext类型的;value指定web应用的根;
(2)通过 @Resource private lateinit var context: WebApplicationContext:注入web环境的ApplicationContext容器;
(3)然后通过MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(context).build()创建一个MockMvc进行测试;

2.Service层独立测试方式(不操作数据库形式的测试,只测试业务逻辑是否正确)

MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(Object… controllers):通过参数指定一组控制器,这样就不需要从上下文获取了;

public class PricingExportResultsRestServiceTest {
    @InjectMocks
    private PricingExportResultsRestService pricingExportResultsRestService;
    @Mock
    private ExportRateScheduleService exportRateScheduleService;
    @Mock
    private PricingUrlProvider pricingUrlProvider;

    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Before
    public void setup() {
        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
        mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(pricingExportResultsRestService).build();  //构造MockMvc
    }
    ...
}

主要是两个步骤:
(1)首先自己创建相应的控制器,注入相应的依赖
(2)通过MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup模拟一个Mvc测试环境,通过build得到一个MockMvc

二 MockMvc

先看一个测试例子1:

  @Test
    public void createIncotermSuccess() throws Exception {
        IncotermTo createdIncoterm = new IncotermTo();
        createdIncoterm.setId(new IncotermId(UUID.fromString("6305ff33-295e-11e5-ae37-54ee7534021a")));
        createdIncoterm.setCode("EXW");
        createdIncoterm.setDescription("code exw");
        createdIncoterm.setLocationQualifier(LocationQualifier.DEPARTURE);

         when(inventoryService.create(any(IncotermTo.class))).thenReturn(createdIncoterm);

        mockMvc.perform(post("/secured/resources/incoterms/create").accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .content("{\"code\" : \"EXW\", \"description\" : \"code exw\", \"locationQualifier\" : \"DEPARTURE\"}".getBytes()))
                //.andDo(print())
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("id.value").exists())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("id.value").value("6305ff33-295e-11e5-ae37-54ee7534021a"))
                .andExpect(jsonPath("code").value("EXW"));
    }

perform:执行一个RequestBuilder请求,会自动执行SpringMVC的流程并映射到相应的控制器执行处理;
andExpect:添加ResultMatcher验证规则,验证控制器执行完成后结果是否正确;
andDo:添加ResultHandler结果处理器,比如调试时打印结果到控制台;
andReturn:最后返回相应的MvcResult;然后进行自定义验证/进行下一步的异步处理;

看一个具体的例子2:

    @Test  
    public void testView() throws Exception {  
        MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/1"))  
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name("user/view"))  
                .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists("user"))  
                .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print())  
                .andReturn();  

        Assert.assertNotNull(result.getModelAndView().getModel().get("user"));  
    }  

整个过程:
1、mockMvc.perform执行一个请求;
2、MockMvcRequestBuilders.get(“/user/1”)构造一个请求
3、ResultActions.andExpect添加执行完成后的断言
4、ResultActions.andDo添加一个结果处理器,表示要对结果做点什么事情,比如此处使用MockMvcResultHandlers.print()输出整个响应结果信息。
5、ResultActions.andReturn表示执行完成后返回相应的结果。

整个测试过程非常有规律
1、准备测试环境
2、通过MockMvc执行请求
3.1、添加验证断言
3.2、添加结果处理器
3.3、得到MvcResult进行自定义断言/进行下一步的异步请求
4、卸载测试环境

三 RequestBuilder/MockMvcRequestBuilders

从名字可以看出,RequestBuilder用来构建请求的,其提供了一个方法buildRequest(ServletContext servletContext)用于构建MockHttpServletRequest;其主要有两个子类MockHttpServletRequestBuilder和MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder(如文件上传使用),即用来Mock客户端请求需要的所有数据。

1.MockMvcRequestBuilders主要API

MockHttpServletRequestBuilder get(String urlTemplate, Object… urlVariables):根据uri模板和uri变量值得到一个GET请求方式的MockHttpServletRequestBuilder;如get(/user/{id}, 1L);
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder post(String urlTemplate, Object… urlVariables):同get类似,但是是POST方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder put(String urlTemplate, Object… urlVariables):同get类似,但是是PUT方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder delete(String urlTemplate, Object… urlVariables) :同get类似,但是是DELETE方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder options(String urlTemplate, Object… urlVariables):同get类似,但是是OPTIONS方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder request(HttpMethod httpMethod, String urlTemplate, Object… urlVariables): 提供自己的Http请求方法及uri模板和uri变量,如上API都是委托给这个API;
MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder fileUpload(String urlTemplate, Object… urlVariables):提供文件上传方式的请求,得到MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder;
RequestBuilder asyncDispatch(final MvcResult mvcResult):创建一个从启动异步处理的请求的MvcResult进行异步分派的RequestBuilder;

2.MockHttpServletRequestBuilder和MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder API

(1)MockHttpServletRequestBuilder API

MockHttpServletRequestBuilder header(String name, Object… values)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder headers(HttpHeaders httpHeaders):添加头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contentType(MediaType mediaType):指定请求的contentType头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(MediaType… mediaTypes)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(String… mediaTypes):指定请求的Accept头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(byte[] content)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(String content):指定请求Body体内容;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder cookie(Cookie… cookies):指定请求的Cookie;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder locale(Locale locale):指定请求的Locale;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder characterEncoding(String encoding):指定请求字符编码;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestAttr(String name, Object value) :设置请求属性数据;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttrs(Map

(2)MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder继承自MockHttpServletRequestBuilder,又提供了如下API

MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(String name, byte[] content)/MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(MockMultipartFile file):指定要上传的文件;

四 ResultActions

调用MockMvc.perform(RequestBuilder requestBuilder)后将得到ResultActions,通过ResultActions完成如下三件事:
ResultActions andExpect(ResultMatcher matcher) :添加验证断言来判断执行请求后的结果是否是预期的;
ResultActions andDo(ResultHandler handler) :添加结果处理器,用于对验证成功后执行的动作,如输出下请求/结果信息用于调试;
MvcResult andReturn() :返回验证成功后的MvcResult;用于自定义验证/下一步的异步处理;

五 ResultMatcher/MockMvcResultMatchers

1.ResultMatcher用来匹配执行完请求后的结果验证,其就一个match(MvcResult result)断言方法,如果匹配失败将抛出相应的异常;spring mvc测试框架提供了很多***ResultMatchers来满足测试需求。注意这些***ResultMatchers并不是ResultMatcher的子类,而是返回ResultMatcher实例的。Spring mvc测试框架为了测试方便提供了MockMvcResultMatchers静态工厂方法方便操作;

2.具体的API如下:
HandlerResultMatchers handler():请求的Handler验证器,比如验证处理器类型/方法名;此处的Handler其实就是处理请求的控制器;
RequestResultMatchers request():得到RequestResultMatchers验证器;
ModelResultMatchers model():得到模型验证器;
ViewResultMatchers view():得到视图验证器;
FlashAttributeResultMatchers flash():得到Flash属性验证;
StatusResultMatchers status():得到响应状态验证器;
HeaderResultMatchers header():得到响应Header验证器;
CookieResultMatchers cookie():得到响应Cookie验证器;
ContentResultMatchers content():得到响应内容验证器;
JsonPathResultMatchers jsonPath(String expression, Object … args)/ResultMatcher jsonPath(String expression, Matcher matcher):得到Json表达式验证器;
XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Object… args)/XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Map

六 一些常用的测试

1.测试普通控制器

mockMvc.perform(get(“/user/{id}”, 1)) //执行请求
.andExpect(model().attributeExists(“user”)) //验证存储模型数据
.andExpect(view().name(“user/view”)) //验证viewName
.andExpect(forwardedUrl(“/WEB-INF/jsp/user/view.jsp”))//验证视图渲染时forward到的jsp
.andExpect(status().isOk())//验证状态码
.andDo(print()); //输出MvcResult到控制台

2.得到MvcResult自定义验证

MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get(“/user/{id}”, 1))//执行请求
.andReturn(); //返回MvcResult
Assert.assertNotNull(result.getModelAndView().getModel().get(“user”)); //自定义断言

3.验证请求参数绑定到模型数据及Flash属性

mockMvc.perform(post(“/user”).param(“name”, “zhang”)) //执行传递参数的POST请求(也可以post(“/user?name=zhang”))
.andExpect(handler().handlerType(UserController.class)) //验证执行的控制器类型
.andExpect(handler().methodName(“create”)) //验证执行的控制器方法名
.andExpect(model().hasNoErrors()) //验证页面没有错误
.andExpect(flash().attributeExists(“success”)) //验证存在flash属性
.andExpect(view().name(“redirect:/user”)); //验证视图

4.文件上传

byte[] bytes = new byte[] {1, 2};
mockMvc.perform(fileUpload(“/user/{id}/icon”, 1L).file(“icon”, bytes)) //执行文件上传
.andExpect(model().attribute(“icon”, bytes)) //验证属性相等性
.andExpect(view().name(“success”)); //验证视图

5.JSON请求/响应验证

    String requestBody = "{\"id\":1, \"name\":\"zhang\"}";  
    mockMvc.perform(post("/user")  
            .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).content(requestBody)  
            .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //执行请求  
            .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //验证响应contentType  
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").value(1)); //使用Json path验证JSON 请参考http://goessner.net/articles/JsonPath/  

    String errorBody = "{id:1, name:zhang}";  
    MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(post("/user")  
            .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).content(errorBody)  
            .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) //执行请求  
            .andExpect(status().isBadRequest()) //400错误请求  
            .andReturn();  

    Assert.assertTrue(HttpMessageNotReadableException.class.isAssignableFrom(result.getResolvedException().getClass()));//错误的请求内容体

6.异步测试

  //Callable  
    MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/user/async1?id=1&name=zhang")) //执行请求  
            .andExpect(request().asyncStarted())  
            .andExpect(request().asyncResult(CoreMatchers.instanceOf(User.class))) //默认会等10秒超时  
            .andReturn();  

    mockMvc.perform(asyncDispatch(result))  
            .andExpect(status().isOk())  
            .andExpect(content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))  
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.id").value(1));  

7.全局配置

mockMvc = webAppContextSetup(wac)  
            .defaultRequest(get("/user/1").requestAttr("default", true)) //默认请求 如果其是Mergeable类型的,会自动合并的  mockMvc.perform中的RequestBuilder  
            .alwaysDo(print())  //默认每次执行请求后都做的动作  
            .alwaysExpect(request().attribute("default", true)) //默认每次执行后进行验证的断言  
            .build();  

    mockMvc.perform(get("/user/1"))  
            .andExpect(model().attributeExists("user"));  

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