Linux下sudo配置和用法
Linux环境：CentOS 6.7
结构说明
可以通过编辑文件/etc/sudoers来配置，通常使用visudo命令来进行修改，因为如果你修改的格式不符合它会进行提示。接下来就通过一个格式来了解它
= [<operator user> [ ]]
chenmh localhost = (root) NOPASSWD: /bin/mkdir test
说明： [
配置文件
接下来详细来看看它的配置文件，它的配置文件以及很详细的告诉了我们该怎样使用，在前面一部分是示例怎样将一组权限创建组别名，注意别名需要大写，
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as ## the root user, without needing the root password. ## ## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections ## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular ## users or groups. ## ## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command. ##可以将多个host配置成一个host别名 ## Host Aliases ## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using ## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead. Host_Alias FILESERVERS = 192.168.137.40,192.168.137.30 # Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2 ##将多个user配置成一个user别名 ## User Aliases ## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups ## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname ## rather than USERALIAS User_Alias ADMINS = chenmh ###接下来是命令别名，就是将一组命令放在一起，这样可以简便配置 ## Command Aliases ## These are groups of related commands... ## Networking # Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig, /sbin/mii-tool ## Installation and management of software # Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum ## Services # Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig ## Updating the locate database # Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb ## Storage # Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount ## Delegating permissions # Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp ## Processes # Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall ## Drivers # Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe ###这个是我自己配置的命令别名，将mkdir和rm命令配置在一起分配给某个用户 ##userdefin Cmnd_Alias OTHERS = /bin/mkdir, /bin/rm # Defaults specification # # Disable "ssh hostname sudo", because it will show the password in clear. # You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo ". # Defaults requiretty # # Refuse to run if unable to disable echo on the tty. This setting should also be # changed in order to be able to use sudo without a tty. See requiretty above. # Defaults !visiblepw # # Preserving HOME has security implications since many programs # use it when searching for configuration files. Note that HOME # is already set when the the env_reset option is enabled, so # this option is only effective for configurations where either # env_reset is disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep list. # Defaults always_set_home Defaults env_reset Defaults env_keep = "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS" Defaults env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE" Defaults env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES" Defaults env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE" Defaults env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY" # # Adding HOME to env_keep may enable a user to run unrestricted # commands via sudo. # # Defaults env_keep += "HOME" Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin ## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on ## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple ## systems). ## Syntax: ## ## user MACHINE=COMMANDS ## ## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it. ## ## Allow root to run any commands anywhere root ALL=(ALL) ALL ## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software, ## service management apps and more. # %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS ###sys这个组中的用户可以执行相关的命令组的权限，多个命令组用逗号分隔 ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands # %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL ## Same thing without a password # %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL ## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the ## cdrom as root # %users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom ###users组的用户可以执行挂载和卸载/mnt/cdrom目录的权限 ## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system # %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now ###users组的用户可以执行关机命令 ## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment) #includedir /etc/sudoers.d
案例
1.用户别名组中的用户可以在FILESERVERS这组host里面调用root用户执行OTHERS命令组的权限，多个命令组用逗号分隔
ADMINS FILESERVERS=(ALL) NOPASSWD:OTHERS
2.用户chenmh这个用户可以在本机以调用root用户来执行所有的命令
chenmh localhost=(root) NOPASSWORD:ALL
3.用户chenmh可以调用root用户创建目录test，也只能创建test目录
chenmh ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /bin/mkdir test
4.dev组的用户可以执行关机shutdown命令
%dev ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/sbin/shutdown
快捷操作
1.查看当前用户具备的sudo权限
sudo -l
User chenmh may run the following commands on this host:
(root) NOPASSWD: /bin/mkdir, /bin/rm
总结
配置sudo记得使用visudo命令，如果配置错误了保存的时候它会有提示。