一、理解onvif全网通之前需要先理解一个概念,那就“IP网段”。先看看百度百科对IP网段的解释:
(以下是百度百科的解释)
网段(network segment)一般指一个计算机网络中使用同一物理层设备(传输介质,中继器,集线器等)能够直接通讯的那一部分。例如,从192.168.0.1到192.168.255.255这之间就是一个网段。
在中文的网络知识入门中,这个词更经常地被误用来指代“子网”,也就是网络层中由网关或路由器等设备隔开的不同部分。例如IP为 192.168.0.1 ~ 192.168.0.254 的设备就位于掩码 255.255.255.0 的同一子网中,这句话经常被说成“位于192.168.0.x ‘网段’中”,如果不涉及网络层之下的结构,这么说不会引起混淆,但是在深入探讨互联网底层结构的时候,应该避免使用“网段”来指代“子网”。
什么?你没看懂?是的,看到这里我也没看懂。那么让咱们先理解“子网掩码”。
(以下是百度百科的解释)
在同一网段,要求网络标识相同。网络标识就是用IP的二进制与子网掩码的二进制数据作'与'运算(可用WINDOWS计算器算二进制),所得结果,而不是IP地址前几段相同就表示在同一网段。若网络标识相同,就表示在同一网段。
例:192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0的网络标识为:192.168.0.0
192.168.0.1: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001
255.255.255.0:11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
做 “与”运算
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
结果:192.168.0.0
还没看懂吗?反正我是看懂了。下面是我的理解,可能比较粗糙。
1、IP网段的理解:
与“子网掩码”进行“与”运算后结果相同的这些IP就在同一个“IP网段”之中。
2、子网掩码的理解:
中文网络知识中,大家经常把“子网”理解为“网段”,“子网掩码”就是用来划分“网段”的。与“子网掩码”进行“与”运算后结果相同的这些IP就在同一个“IP网段”之中。
是的,这2个概念的理解就是鸡生蛋蛋生鸡,不能单独理解。
二、什么是onvif全网通
什么是onvif协议,我在本文就不详细解释了,以后有机会再做个专题解释。先简单理解为基于HTTP协议的一个国际通用的网络通信规范,在安防监控领域之中被广泛应用于“IPC”与“NVR”之间的通信,NVR通过onvif协议可以添加IPC,并获取/设置IPC的相关配置,以及控制IPC的相关功能。
很多NVR常常不能跨网段添加和配置IPC,但是可以通过UDP广播方法跨网段搜索到同一个路由器里的IPC。onvif全网通的意思就是让NVR添加IPC突破不同网段的限制,不管NVR和IPC的IP是否在同一个网段、是否存在IP冲突,即插即用,只要都接到路由器中用NVR搜索,搜出来的IPC就可以直接添加使用。
三、IPC如何实现onvif全网通
IPC实现onvif全网通的方法可能有很多种,本文使用的方法是:IPC收到NVR的udp广播包时,识别出NVR的IP地址,然后根据IPC当前的子网掩码和NVR的IP地址算出IP网段,知道IP网段就可以把IPC的IP改为与NVR同一个网段的IP了。
这里还有一个很重要的问题需要解决,那就是IP冲突:
一方面,同一批IPC出厂设置时的默认IP都是一样的,一上电之后IP都是冲突的。
另一方面,因为一开始时NVR的网段和IPC的网段不是同一个网段,而传统的通过ping某个IP判断IP是否正在使用的方法显然不可取,因为ping是不能跨网段的。那么IPC修改自身IP之前要如何跨网段知道NVR所在网段有哪些IP是正在使用,哪些IP是未被使用的呢?这就需要使用ARP协议了。下面解释一下ARP协议。
四、使用ARP协议跨网段判断某个IP是否正在使用
1、ARP协议
ARP协议是TCP/IP协议网际层的一种协议,是地址解析协议,可以根据IP地址获取物理地址(MAC地址)。
也就是说通过ARP协议可以获取某个IP地址的MAC地址,如果得到的MAC地址不存在或者与本机的MAC地址一致就说明这个IP地址没有被别的设备使用,如果得到的MAC地址存在且不是本机的MAC地址,就说明这个IP正在被别的设备使用。
2、怎么实现呢
在linux系统中的shell命令中有ping和arping,arping就是ARP级别的ping。具体实现可以参考linux源码中的arping实现源代码。以下是源码arping.c
/*
* arping.c
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
* 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
*/
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
#include ;
//#include "SNAPSHOT.h"
static void usage(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
int quit_on_reply=0;
char *device="eth0";
int ifindex;
char *source;
struct in_addr src, dst;
char *target;
int dad, unsolicited, advert;
int quiet;
int count=-1;
int timeout;
int unicasting;
int s;
int broadcast_only;
struct sockaddr_ll me;
struct sockaddr_ll he;
struct timeval start, last;
int sent, brd_sent;
int received, brd_recv, req_recv;
#define MS_TDIFF(tv1,tv2) ( ((tv1).tv_sec-(tv2).tv_sec)*1000 + ((tv1).tv_usec-(tv2).tv_usec)/1000 )
void usage(void)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Usage: arping [-fqbDUAV] [-c count] [-w timeout] [-I device] [-s source] destination\n"
" -f : quit on first reply\n"
" -q : be quiet\n"
" -b : keep broadcasting, don't go unicast\n"
" -D : duplicate address detection mode\n"
" -U : Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbours\n"
" -A : ARP answer mode, update your neighbours\n"
" -V : print version and exit\n"
" -c count : how many packets to send\n"
" -w timeout : how long to wait for a reply\n"
" -I device : which ethernet device to use (eth0)\n"
" -s source : source ip address\n"
" destination : ask for what ip address\n"
);
exit(2);
}
void set_signal(int signo, void (*handler)(void))
{
struct sigaction sa;
memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
sa.sa_handler = (void (*)(int))handler;
sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
sigaction(signo, &sa, NULL);
}
int send_pack(int s, struct in_addr src, struct in_addr dst,
struct sockaddr_ll *ME, struct sockaddr_ll *HE)
{
int err;
struct timeval now;
unsigned char buf[256];
struct arphdr *ah = (struct arphdr*)buf;
unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)(ah+1);
ah->ar_hrd = htons(ME->sll_hatype); /* 硬件地址类型*/
if (ah->ar_hrd == htons(ARPHRD_FDDI))
ah->ar_hrd = htons(ARPHRD_ETHER);
ah->ar_pro = htons(ETH_P_IP); /* 协议地址类型 */
ah->ar_hln = ME->sll_halen; /* 硬件地址长度 */
ah->ar_pln = 4; /* 协议地址长度 */
ah->ar_op = advert ? htons(ARPOP_REPLY) : htons(ARPOP_REQUEST);/* 操作类型*/
memcpy(p, &ME->sll_addr, ah->ar_hln); /* 发送者硬件地址*/
p+=ME->sll_halen; /*以太网为6*/
memcpy(p, &src, 4); /* 发送者IP */
p+=4;
/* 目的硬件地址*/
if (advert)
memcpy(p, &ME->sll_addr, ah->ar_hln);
else
memcpy(p, &HE->sll_addr, ah->ar_hln);
p+=ah->ar_hln;
memcpy(p, &dst, 4); /* 目的IP地址*/
p+=4;
gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
err = sendto(s, buf, p-buf, 0, (struct sockaddr*)HE, sizeof(*HE));
if (err == p-buf) {
last = now;
sent++;
if (!unicasting)
brd_sent++;
}
return err;
}
void finish(void)
{
if (!quiet) {
printf("Sent %d probes (%d broadcast(s))\n", sent, brd_sent);
printf("Received %d response(s)", received);
if (brd_recv || req_recv) {
printf(" (");
if (req_recv)
printf("%d request(s)", req_recv);
if (brd_recv)
printf("%s%d broadcast(s)",
req_recv ? ", " : "",
brd_recv);
printf(")");
}
printf("\n");
fflush(stdout);
}
if (dad)
exit(!!received);
if (unsolicited)
exit(0);
exit(!received);
}
/*调用send_pack发送一次arp请求*/
void catcher(void)
{
struct timeval tv;
gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
if (start.tv_sec==0)
start = tv;
if (count-- == 0 || (timeout && MS_TDIFF(tv,start) > timeout*1000 + 500))
finish();
if (last.tv_sec==0 || MS_TDIFF(tv,last) > 500) {
send_pack(s, src, dst, &me, &he);
if (count == 0 && unsolicited)
finish();
}
alarm(1); /*每秒放松一个包*/
}
void print_hex(unsigned char *p, int len)
{
int i;
/*打印MAC地址*/
for (i=0; isll_pkttype != PACKET_HOST &&
FROM->sll_pkttype != PACKET_BROADCAST &&
FROM->sll_pkttype != PACKET_MULTICAST)
return 0;
/*到这里pkttype为HOST||BROADCAST||MULTICAST*/
/* Only these types are recognised */
/*只要ARP request and reply*/
if (ah->ar_op != htons(ARPOP_REQUEST) &&
ah->ar_op != htons(ARPOP_REPLY))
return 0;
/* ARPHRD check and this darned FDDI hack here :-( */
if (ah->ar_hrd != htons(FROM->sll_hatype) &&
(FROM->sll_hatype != ARPHRD_FDDI || ah->ar_hrd != htons(ARPHRD_ETHER)))
return 0;
/* Protocol must be IP. */
if (ah->ar_pro != htons(ETH_P_IP))
return 0;
if (ah->ar_pln != 4)
return 0;
if (ah->ar_hln != me.sll_halen)
return 0;
if (len < sizeof(*ah) + 2*(4 + ah->ar_hln))
return 0;
/*src_ip:对方的IP
det_ip:我的IP*/
memcpy(&src_ip, p+ah->ar_hln, 4);
memcpy(&dst_ip, p+ah->ar_hln+4+ah->ar_hln, 4);
if (!dad) {
if (src_ip.s_addr != dst.s_addr)
return 0;
if (src.s_addr != dst_ip.s_addr)
return 0;
if (memcmp(p+ah->ar_hln+4, &me.sll_addr, ah->ar_hln))
return 0;
} else {
/* DAD packet was:
src_ip = 0 (or some src)
src_hw = ME
dst_ip = tested address
dst_hw = ;
We fail, if receive request/reply with:
src_ip = tested_address
src_hw != ME
if src_ip in request was not zero, check
also that it matches to dst_ip, otherwise
dst_ip/dst_hw do not matter.
*/
/*dst.s_addr是我们发送请求是置的对方的IP,当然要等于对方发来的包的src_ip啦*/
if (src_ip.s_addr != dst.s_addr)
return 0;
if (memcmp(p, &me.sll_addr, me.sll_halen) == 0)
return 0;
/*同理,src.s_addr是我们发包是置的自己的IP,要等于对方回复包的目的地址*/
if (src.s_addr && src.s_addr != dst_ip.s_addr)
return 0;
}
if (!quiet) {
/*显示一些答复的信息*/
int s_printed = 0;
printf("%s ", FROM->sll_pkttype==PACKET_HOST ? "Unicast" : "Broadcast");
printf("%s from ", ah->ar_op == htons(ARPOP_REPLY) ? "reply" : "request");
printf("%s [", inet_ntoa(src_ip));
print_hex(p, ah->ar_hln);
printf("] ");
if (dst_ip.s_addr != src.s_addr) {
printf("for %s ", inet_ntoa(dst_ip));
s_printed = 1;
}
if (memcmp(p+ah->ar_hln+4, me.sll_addr, ah->ar_hln)) {
if (!s_printed)
printf("for ");
printf("[");
print_hex(p+ah->ar_hln+4, ah->ar_hln);
printf("]");
}
if (last.tv_sec) {
long usecs = (tv.tv_sec-last.tv_sec) * 1000000 +
tv.tv_usec-last.tv_usec;
long msecs = (usecs+500)/1000;
usecs -= msecs*1000 - 500;
printf(" %ld.%03ldms\n", msecs, usecs);
} else {
printf(" UNSOLICITED?\n");
}
fflush(stdout);
}
received++;
if (FROM->sll_pkttype != PACKET_HOST)
brd_recv++;
if (ah->ar_op == htons(ARPOP_REQUEST))
req_recv++;
if (quit_on_reply)
finish();
if(!broadcast_only) {
memcpy(he.sll_addr, p, me.sll_halen);
unicasting=1;
}
return 1;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int socket_errno;
int ch;
uid_t uid = getuid();
/*取得一个packet socket.
int packet_sock=socket(PF_PACKET,int sock_type,int protocol);
其中sock_type有两种:
1.SOCK_RAW,使用类型的套接字,那么当你向设备写数据时,要提供physical layer
header.当从设备读数据时,得到的数据是含有physical layer header的
2.SOCK_DGRAM.这种类型的套接字使用在相对高层.当数据传送给用户之前,physical layer
header已经去掉了*/
s = socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
socket_errno = errno;
setuid(uid);
while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "h?bfDUAqc:w:s:I:V")) != EOF) {
switch(ch) {
case 'b':
broadcast_only=1;
break;
case 'D':
dad++;
quit_on_reply=1;
break;
case 'U':
unsolicited++;
break;
case 'A':
advert++;
unsolicited++;
break;
case 'q':
quiet++;
break;
case 'c':
count = atoi(optarg);
break;
case 'w':
timeout = atoi(optarg);
break;
case 'I':
device = optarg;
break;
case 'f':
quit_on_reply=1;
break;
case 's':
source = optarg;
break;
//case 'V':
// printf("arping utility, iputils-ss%s\n", SNAPSHOT);
// exit(0);
case 'h':
case '?':
default:
usage();
}
}
argc -= optind;
argv += optind;
if (argc != 1)
usage();
target = *argv;
if (device == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "arping: device (option -I) is required\n");
usage();
}
if (s < 0) {
errno = socket_errno;
perror("arping: socket");
exit(2);
}
if (1) {
struct ifreq ifr;
memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, IFNAMSIZ-1);
if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFINDEX, &ifr) < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "arping: unknown iface %s\n", device);
exit(2);
}
ifindex = ifr.ifr_ifindex;
if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFFLAGS, (char*)&ifr)) {
perror("ioctl(SIOCGIFFLAGS)");
exit(2);
}
/*设备当然是要up的想要bring up eth0 可以/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup eth0*/
if (!(ifr.ifr_flags&IFF_UP)) {
if (!quiet)
printf("Interface \"%s\" is down\n", device);
exit(2);
}
if (ifr.ifr_flags&(IFF_NOARP|IFF_LOOPBACK)) {
if (!quiet)
printf("Interface \"%s\" is not ARPable\n", device);
exit(dad?0:2);
}
}
if (inet_aton(target, &dst) != 1) {
struct hostent *hp;
hp = gethostbyname2(target, AF_INET);
if (!hp) {
fprintf(stderr, "arping: unknown host %s\n", target);
exit(2);
}
memcpy(&dst, hp->h_addr, 4);
}
if (source && inet_aton(source, &src) != 1) {
fprintf(stderr, "arping: invalid source %s\n", source);
exit(2);
}
if (!dad && unsolicited && src.s_addr == 0)
src = dst;
if (!dad || src.s_addr)
{
struct sockaddr_in saddr;
int probe_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (probe_fd < 0)
{
perror("socket");
exit(2);
}
if (device)
{
/*bind这个socket to
"device".操作的结果是只有那个设备收到的数据才传送到这个socket*/
if (setsockopt(probe_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, device, strlen(device)+1) ==
-1)
perror("WARNING: interface is ignored");
}
memset(&saddr, 0, sizeof(saddr));
saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
if (src.s_addr)
{
saddr.sin_addr = src;
if (bind(probe_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&saddr, sizeof(saddr)) == -1)
{
perror("bind");
exit(2);
}
}
else if (!dad)
{
int on = 1;
int alen = sizeof(saddr);
saddr.sin_port = htons(1025);
saddr.sin_addr = dst;
/*SO_DONTROUTE的作用:don't send via a gateway,only send to directly connected hosts*/
if (setsockopt(probe_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DONTROUTE, (char*)&on, sizeof(on)) == -1)
perror("WARNING: setsockopt(SO_DONTROUTE)");
if (connect(probe_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&saddr, sizeof(saddr)) == -1)
{
perror("connect");
exit(2);
}
/*getsockname returns the local IP address and local port number assigned to the
connection by
the kernel*/
if (getsockname(probe_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&saddr, &alen) == -1)
{
perror("getsockname");
exit(2);
}
/*这是最终目的,取得本机IP地址*/
src = saddr.sin_addr;
}
close(probe_fd);
}
me.sll_family = AF_PACKET;
me.sll_ifindex = ifindex;
me.sll_protocol = htons(ETH_P_ARP);
/* 只想要由me指定的接口收到的数据包*/
if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr*)&me, sizeof(me)) == -1) {
perror("bind");
exit(2);
}
if (1) {
int alen = sizeof(me);
/*get link layer information 是下面这些.因为sll_family sll_ifindex sll_protocol已知
unsigned short sll_hatype; Header type
unsigned char sll_pkttype; Packet type
unsigned char sll_halen; Length of address
unsigned char sll_addr[8]; Physical layer address */
if (getsockname(s, (struct sockaddr*)&me, &alen) == -1) {
perror("getsockname");
exit(2);
}
}
if (me.sll_halen == 0) {
if (!quiet)
printf("Interface \"%s\" is not ARPable (no ll address)\n", device);
exit(dad?0:2);
}
he = me;
/*把他的地址设为ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 即广播地址,当然假设是以太网*/
memset(he.sll_addr, -1, he.sll_halen);
if (!quiet) {
printf("ARPING %s ", inet_ntoa(dst));
printf("from %s %s\n", inet_ntoa(src), device ? : "");
}
if (!src.s_addr && !dad) {
fprintf(stderr, "arping: no source address in not-DAD mode\n");
exit(2);
}
set_signal(SIGINT, finish);
set_signal(SIGALRM, catcher);
catcher();
while(1) {
sigset_t sset, osset;
char packet[4096];
struct sockaddr_ll from;
int alen = sizeof(from);
int cc;
/*注意s的类型是SOCK_DGRAM,所以收到的数据包里没有link layer info,这些信息被记录在from里*/
if ((cc = recvfrom(s, packet, sizeof(packet), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&from, &alen)) < 0) {
perror("arping: recvfrom");
continue;
}
sigemptyset(&sset);
sigaddset(&sset, SIGALRM);
sigaddset(&sset, SIGINT);
sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &sset, &osset);
recv_pack(packet, cc, &from);
sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &osset, NULL);
}
}
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