一、什么是Requests
Requests 是Python语编写,基于urllib,采Apache2 Licensed开源协议的 HTTP 库。它urllib 更加方便,可以节约我们大量的工作,完全满足HTTP测试需求。
一句话――requests是python实现的简单易用的HTTP库
二、安装Requests库
进入命令行win+R执行
命令:pip install requests
项目导入:import requests
三、各种请求方式
直接上代码,不明白可以查看我的urllib的基本使用方法
import requests requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post') requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put') requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete') requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get') requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
这么多请求方式,都有什么含义,所以问下度娘:
- GET: 请求指定的页面信息,并返回实体主体。
- HEAD: 只请求页面的首部。
- POST: 请求服务器接受所指定的文档作为对所标识的URI的新的从属实体。
- PUT: 从客户端向服务器传送的数据取代指定的文档的内容。
- DELETE: 请求服务器删除指定的页面。
- get 和 post比较常见 GET请求将提交的数据放置在HTTP请求协议头中
- POST提交的数据则放在实体数据中
(1)、基本的GET请求
import requests response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print(response.text)
返回值:
{ "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "origin": "183.64.61.29", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get" }
(2)、带参数的GET请求
将name和age传进去
import requests response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22") print(response.text)
{ "args": { "age": "22", "name": "germey" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "origin": "183.64.61.29", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22" }
或者使用params的方法:
import requests data = { 'name': 'germey', 'age': 22 } response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data) print(response.text)
返回值一样
(3)、解析json
将返回值已json的形式展示:
import requests import json response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(type(response.text)) print(response.json()) print(json.loads(response.text)) print(type(response.json()))
返回值:
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
(4)、获取二进制数据
记住返回值.content就ok了
import requests response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico") print(type(response.text), type(response.content)) print(response.text) print(response.content)
返回值为二进制不必再进行展示,
(5)、添加headers
有些网站访问时必须带有浏览器等信息,如果不传入headers就会报错,如下
import requests response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore") print(response.text)
返回值:
500 Server Error
An internal server error occured.
当传入headers时:
import requests headers = { 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36' } response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers) print(response.text)
成功返回网页源代码不做展示
(6)、基本POST请求
不明白见我博文urllib的使用方法
import requests data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'} response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data) print(response.text)
返回:
{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "age": "22", "name": "germey" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Content-Length": "18", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "json": null, "origin": "183.64.61.29", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }
三、响应
response属性
import requests response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com') print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code) print(type(response.headers), response.headers) print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies) print(type(response.url), response.url) print(type(response.history), response.history)
return:
200
{'Date': 'Thu, 01 Feb 2018 20:47:08 GMT', 'Server': 'Tengine', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'X-Frame-Options': 'DENY', 'X-XSS-Protection': '1; mode=block', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'ETag': 'W/"9f70e869e7cce214b6e9d90f4ceaa53d"', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0, private, must-revalidate', 'Set-Cookie': 'locale=zh-CN; path=/', 'X-Request-Id': '366f4cba-8414-4841-bfe2-792aeb8cf302', 'X-Runtime': '0.008350', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'X-Via': '1.1 gjf22:8 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0), 1.1 PSzqstdx2ps251:10 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0)', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}
]>
https://www.jianshu.com/
[ ]
状态码判断:常见的网页状态码:
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),
# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),
# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
四、高级操作
(1)、文件上传
使用 Requests 模块,上传文件也是如此简单的,文件的类型会自动进行处理:
实例:
import requests files = {'file': open('cookie.txt', 'rb')} response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files) print(response.text)
这是通过测试网站做的一个测试,返回值如下:
{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": { "file": "#LWP-Cookies-2.0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BAIDUID=\"D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459:FG=1\"; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BIDUPSID=D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: H_PS_PSSID=25641_1465_21087_17001_22159; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; discard; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: PSTM=1516953672; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BDSVRTM=0; path=\"/\"; domain=\"www.baidu.com\"; path_spec; discard; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BD_HOME=0; path=\"/\"; domain=\"www.baidu.com\"; path_spec; discard; version=0\r\n" }, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Content-Length": "909", "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=84835f570cfa44da8f4a062b097cad49", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "json": null, "origin": "183.64.61.29", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }
(2)、获取cookie
当需要cookie时,直接调用response.cookie:(response为请求后的返回值)
import requests response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com") print(response.cookies) for key, value in response.cookies.items(): print(key + '=' + value)
输出结果:
]>
BDORZ=27315
(3)、会话维持、模拟登陆
如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie,你可以快速访问它们:
import requests r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/') print(r.cookies['NID']) print(tuple(r.cookies))
要想发送你的cookies到服务器,可以使用 cookies 参数:
import requests url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies' cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'} # 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@,冒号,分号等特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。 r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) print(r.json())
(4)、证书验证
因为12306有一个错误证书,我们那它的网站做测试会出现下面的情况,证书不是官方证书,浏览器会识别出一个错误
import requests response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn') print(response.status_code)
返回值:
怎么正常进入这样的网站了,代码如下:
import requests from requests.packages import urllib3 urllib3.disable_warnings() response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False) print(response.status_code)
将verify设置位False即可,返回的状态码为200
urllib3.disable_warnings()这条命令主要用于消除警告信息
(5)、代理设置
在进行爬虫爬取时,有时候爬虫会被服务器给屏蔽掉,这时采用的方法主要有降低访问时间,通过代理ip访问,如下:
import requests proxies = { "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743", "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743", } response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)
ip可以从网上抓取,或者某宝购买
如果代理需要设置账户名和密码,只需要将字典更改为如下:
proxies = { "http":"http://user:[email protected]:9999" }
如果你的代理是通过sokces这种方式则需要pip install "requests[socks]"
proxies= { "http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999", "https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888" }
(6)、超时设置
访问有些网站时可能会超时,这时设置好timeout就可以解决这个问题
import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout try: response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5) print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout: print('Timeout')
正常访问,状态吗返回200
(7)、认证设置
如果碰到需要认证的网站可以通过requests.auth模块实现
import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123")) print(response.status_code)
当然这里还有一种方式
import requests response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123")) print(response.status_code)
(8)、异常处理
遇到网络问题(如:DNS查询失败、拒绝连接等)时,Requests会抛出一个ConnectionError 异常。
遇到罕见的无效HTTP响应时,Requests则会抛出一个 HTTPError 异常。
若请求超时,则抛出一个 Timeout 异常。
若请求超过了设定的最大重定向次数,则会抛出一个 TooManyRedirects 异常。
所有Requests显式抛出的异常都继承自 requests.exceptions.RequestException 。
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助,也希望大家多多支持脚本之家。