【死磕Sharding-jdbc】---数据源

链接:http://cmsblogs.com/?p=2516
注:为了让更多人看到,征求飞哥意见,将此系列博文标注为原创,飞哥简书:https://www.jianshu.com/u/6779ec81d3b7


com.dangdang.ddframe.rdb.sharding.example.jdbc.Main剖析分库分表配置与实现,其部分源码如下:

public final class Main {

    public static void main(final String[] args) throws SQLException {
        // step1: 配置sharding数据源
        DataSource dataSource = getShardingDataSource();
        // step2:创建表
        createTable(dataSource);
        // step3:插入数据
        insertData(dataSource);
        printSimpleSelect(dataSource);
        printGroupBy(dataSource);
        printHintSimpleSelect(dataSource);
        dropTable(dataSource);
    }
    ... ...
}

接下来分析第一步,即如何创建ShardingDataSource

①ShardingDataSource

硬编码创建ShardingDataSource的核心实现源码如下:

private static ShardingDataSource getShardingDataSource() throws SQLException {
    // 构造DataSourceRule,即key与数据源的KV对;
    DataSourceRule dataSourceRule = new DataSourceRule(createDataSourceMap());
    // 建立逻辑表是t_order,实际表是t_order_0,t_order_1的TableRule
    TableRule orderTableRule = TableRule.builder("t_order").actualTables(Arrays.asList("t_order_0", "t_order_1")).dataSourceRule(dataSourceRule).build();
    // 建立逻辑表是t_order_item,实际表是t_order_item_0,t_order_item_1的TableRule
    TableRule orderItemTableRule = TableRule.builder("t_order_item").actualTables(Arrays.asList("t_order_item_0", "t_order_item_1")).dataSourceRule(dataSourceRule).build();
    ShardingRule shardingRule = ShardingRule.builder()
                .dataSourceRule(dataSourceRule)
                .tableRules(Arrays.asList(orderTableRule, orderItemTableRule))
                // 增加绑定表--绑定表代表一组表,这组表的逻辑表与实际表之间的映射关系是相同的。比如t_order与t_order_item就是这样一组绑定表关系,它们的分库与分表策略是完全相同的,那么可以使用它们的表规则将它们配置成绑定表,绑定表所有路由计算将会只使用主表的策略;
                .bindingTableRules(Collections.singletonList(new BindingTableRule(Arrays.asList(orderTableRule, orderItemTableRule))))
                // 指定数据库sharding策略--根据user_id字段的值取模
                .databaseShardingStrategy(new DatabaseShardingStrategy("user_id", new ModuloDatabaseShardingAlgorithm()))
                // 指定表sharding策略--根据order_id字段的值取模
                .tableShardingStrategy(new TableShardingStrategy("order_id", new ModuloTableShardingAlgorithm())).build();
    return new ShardingDataSource(shardingRule);
}

// 创建两个数据源,一个是ds_jdbc_0,一个是ds_jdbc_1,并绑定映射关系key
private static Map createDataSourceMap() {
    Map result = new HashMap<>(2);
    result.put("ds_jdbc_0", createDataSource("ds_jdbc_0"));
    result.put("ds_jdbc_1", createDataSource("ds_jdbc_1"));
    return result;
}

// 以dbcp组件创建一个数据源
private static DataSource createDataSource(final String dataSourceName) {
    BasicDataSource result = new BasicDataSource();
    result.setDriverClassName(com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.class.getName());
    result.setUrl(String.format("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/%s", dataSourceName));
    result.setUsername("root");
    // sharding-jdbc默认以密码为空的root用户访问,如果修改了root用户的密码,这里修改为真实的密码即可;
    result.setPassword("");
    return result;
}

备注:逻辑表(LogicTable)即数据分片的逻辑表,对于水平拆分的数据库(表),同一类表的总称。例:订单数据根据订单ID取模拆分为16张表,分别是t_order_0到t_order_15,他们的逻辑表名为t_order;实际表(ActualTable)是指在分片的数据库中真实存在的物理表。即这个示例中的t_order_0到t_order_15。摘自sharding-jdbc核心概念

分表原则

根据上面的代码中.tableShardingStrategy(new TableShardingStrategy("order_id", new ModuloTableShardingAlgorithm()))这段代码可知,分表策略通过ModuloTableShardingAlgorithm.java实现,且是通过ShardingStrategy.java中的doSharding()方法调用,核心源码如下:

private Collection<String> doSharding(final Collection<ShardingValue>> shardingValues, final Collection availableTargetNames) {
    // shardingAlgorithm即sharding算法分为三种:NoneKey,SingleKey和MultipleKeys
    if (shardingAlgorithm instanceof NoneKeyShardingAlgorithm) {
        return Collections.singletonList(((NoneKeyShardingAlgorithm) shardingAlgorithm).doSharding(availableTargetNames, shardingValues.iterator().next()));
    }
    if (shardingAlgorithm instanceof SingleKeyShardingAlgorithm) {
        // 得到SingleKeyShardingAlgorithm的具体实现,在ShardingStrategy的构造方法中赋值
        SingleKeyShardingAlgorithm> singleKeyShardingAlgorithm = (SingleKeyShardingAlgorithm>) shardingAlgorithm;
        // ShardingValue就是sharding的列和该列的值,在这里分别为order_id和1000
        ShardingValue shardingValue = shardingValues.iterator().next();
        // sharding列的类型分为三种:SINGLE,LIST和RANGE
        switch (shardingValue.getType()) {
            // 如果是where order_id=1000,那么type就是SINGLE
            case SINGLE:
                // doEqualSharding只返回一个值,为了doSharding()返回值的统一,用Collections.singletonList()包装成集合;
                return Collections.singletonList(singleKeyShardingAlgorithm.doEqualSharding(availableTargetNames, shardingValue));
            case LIST:
                return singleKeyShardingAlgorithm.doInSharding(availableTargetNames, shardingValue);
            case RANGE:
                return singleKeyShardingAlgorithm.doBetweenSharding(availableTargetNames, shardingValue);
            default:
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(shardingValue.getType().getClass().getName());
        }
    }
    if (shardingAlgorithm instanceof MultipleKeysShardingAlgorithm) {
        return ((MultipleKeysShardingAlgorithm) shardingAlgorithm).doSharding(availableTargetNames, shardingValues);
    }
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException(shardingAlgorithm.getClass().getName());
}
  1. 如果SQL中分表列order_id条件为where order_id=?,那么shardingValue的type为SINGLE,分表逻辑走doEqualSharding();
  2. 如果SQL中分表列order_id条件为where order_id in(?, ?),那么shardingValue的type为LIST,那么分表逻辑走doInSharding();
  3. 如果SQL中分表列order_id条件为where order_id between in(?, ?),那么shardingValue的type为RANGE,那么分表逻辑走doBetweenSharding();

shardingValue的type的判断依据如下代码:

public ShardingValueType getType() {
    // 
    if (null != value) {
        return ShardingValueType.SINGLE;
    }
    if (!values.isEmpty()) {
        return ShardingValueType.LIST;
    }
    return ShardingValueType.RANGE;
}

表的取模核心实现源码如下:

public final class ModuloTableShardingAlgorithm implements SingleKeyTableShardingAlgorithm<Integer> {
    // 分析前提,假设预期分到两个表中[t_order_0,t_order_1],且执行的SQL为SELECT o.* FROM t_order o where o.order_id=1001 AND o.user_id=10,那么分表列order_id的值为1001
    @Override
    public String doEqualSharding(final Collection tableNames, final ShardingValue shardingValue) {
        // 遍历表名[t_order_0,t_order_1]
        for (String each : tableNames) {
            // 直到表名是以分表列order_id的值1001对2取模的值即1结尾,那么就是命中的表名,即t_order_1
            if (each.endsWith(shardingValue.getValue() % tableNames.size() + "")) {
                return each;
            }
        }
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    @Override
    public Collection doInSharding(final Collection tableNames, final ShardingValue shardingValue) {
        Collection result = new LinkedHashSet<>(tableNames.size());
        // 从这里可知,doInSharding()和doEqualSharding()的区别就是doInSharding()时分表列有多个值(shardingValue.getValues()),例如order_id的值为[1001,1002],遍历这些值,然后每个值按照doEqualSharding()的逻辑计算表名
        for (Integer value : shardingValue.getValues()) {
            for (String tableName : tableNames) {
                if (tableName.endsWith(value % tableNames.size() + "")) {
                    result.add(tableName);
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public Collection doBetweenSharding(final Collection tableNames, final ShardingValue shardingValue) {
        Collection result = new LinkedHashSet<>(tableNames.size());
        // 从这里可知,doBetweenSharding()和doInSharding()的区别就是doBetweenSharding()时分表列的多个值通过shardingValue.getValueRange()得到;而doInSharding()是通过shardingValue.getValues()得到;
        Range range = shardingValue.getValueRange();
        for (Integer i = range.lowerEndpoint(); i <= range.upperEndpoint(); i++) {
            for (String each : tableNames) {
                if (each.endsWith(i % tableNames.size() + "")) {
                    result.add(each);
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
}
  1. 如果SQL中分表列order_id条件为where order_id=?,那么分表逻辑走doEqualSharding();
  2. 如果SQL中分表列order_id条件为where order_id in(?, ?),那么分表逻辑走doInSharding();
  3. 如果SQL中分表列order_id条件为where order_id between in(?, ?),那么分表逻辑走doBetweenSharding();

这些条件判断依据代码如下,当SimpleRoutingEngine中调用routeTables()进行路由表判定时会调用下面的方法,且通过这段代码可知,sharding列只支持=,in和between的操作:

public ShardingValue getShardingValue(final List parameters) {
    List> conditionValues = getValues(parameters);
    switch (operator) {
        case EQUAL:
            return new ShardingValue>(column.getTableName(), column.getName(), conditionValues.get(0));
        case IN:
            return new ShardingValue<>(column.getTableName(), column.getName(), conditionValues);
        case BETWEEN:
            return new ShardingValue<>(column.getTableName(), column.getName(), Range.range(conditionValues.get(0), BoundType.CLOSED, conditionValues.get(1), BoundType.CLOSED));
        default:
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(operator.getExpression());
    }
} 
  

分库原则

根据上面的代码中.databaseShardingStrategy(new DatabaseShardingStrategy("user_id", new ModuloDatabaseShardingAlgorithm()))这段代码可知,分库策略通过ModuloDatabaseShardingAlgorithm.java实现;
通过比较ModuloDatabaseShardingAlgorithm.javaModuloTableShardingAlgorithm.java,发现两者的实现逻辑完全一致,小小的区别就是ModuloDatabaseShardingAlgorithm.java根据分库的列例如user_id进行分库;而ModuloTableShardingAlgorithm.java根据分表的列例如order_id进行分表;所以分库在这里就不分析了;

说明:由于模块sharding-jdbc-example-jdbc中的Main方法创建的数据库和表数量都是2,所以ModuloDatabaseShardingAlgorithm.javaModuloTableShardingAlgorithm.java的逻辑代码中写死了对2取模(% 2);这样的话,如果debug过程中,修改了数据库和表的数量为3,或者4,改动代码如下所示,就会出现问题:

private static ShardingDataSource getShardingDataSource() throws SQLException {
    DataSourceRule dataSourceRule = new DataSourceRule(createDataSourceMap());
    TableRule orderTableRule = TableRule
            .builder("t_order")
            .actualTables(Arrays.asList("t_order_0", "t_order_1", "t_order_2"))
            .dataSourceRule(dataSourceRule)
            .build();
    TableRule orderItemTableRule = TableRule
            .builder("t_order_item")
            .actualTables(Arrays.asList("t_order_item_0", "t_order_item_1", "t_order_item_2"))
            .dataSourceRule(dataSourceRule)
            .build();
    ... ...
}

private static Map createDataSourceMap() {
    Map result = new HashMap<>(3);
    result.put("ds_jdbc_0", createDataSource("ds_jdbc_0"));
    result.put("ds_jdbc_1", createDataSource("ds_jdbc_1"));
    result.put("ds_jdbc_2", createDataSource("ds_jdbc_2"));
    return result;
}

想要纠正这个潜在的错误,只需要将源代码中ModuloDatabaseShardingAlgorithm.java中的% 2改为% dataSourceNames.size()ModuloTableShardingAlgorithm.java中的% 2改为% tableNames.size()即可;


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