1.在用Servlet时,我们都知道Servlet只会被初始化一次,只有一个实例。
2.在Struts1中,ActionServlet也仅是初始化一次,也是单实例。
为什么会这样,无非是为了提高效率。但是线程安全不容忽视。但是在WebWork、Struts2却做好了线程安全。
下面具体介绍:
Servlet线程安全
概述
在探讨java线程安全前,让我们先简要介绍一下Java语言。
任何语言,如C++,C#,Java,它们都有相通之处,特别是语法,但如果有人问你,Java语言的核心是什么?类库?关键字?语法?似乎都不是。Java语言的核心,也就是Sun始终不愿意开源的东西:Java虚拟机的实现(不过sun公开了其Java虚拟机规范),也就有了BEA的JRockit,IBM的Jikes,Sun的Hotspot。
Java的核心有两点,Java类加载(Java Class Loader)和Java内存管理,它们具体体现在Java类库的以下几个类:
java.lang.ClassLoader(java.lang.Class):我们调用的类,包括其接口和超类,import的类是怎么被Java虚拟机载入的?为什么static的字段在servlet容器里面可以一直生存下去(Spring容器中)?
java.lang.Thread(java.lang.ThreadLocal):垃圾回收是怎么进行的(垃圾回收线程)?我们的程序是怎么退出的?
java.lang.refelect.Proxy(java.lang.refelect.Method):为什么Tomcat、Tapestry、Webwork、Spring等容器和框架可以通过配置文件来调用我们写的类?Servlet规范、JSF规范、EJB规范、JDBC规范究竟是怎么回事?为什么它们几乎都是一些接口,而不是具体类?
Servlet线程安全
在Java的server side开发过程中,线程安全(Thread Safe)是一个尤为突出的问题。因为容器,如Servlet、EJB等一般都是多线程运行的。虽然在开发过程中,我们一般不考虑这些问题,但诊断问题(Robust),程序优化(Performance),我们必须深入它们。
什么是线程安全?
Thread-safe describes a program portion or routine that can be called from multiple programming threads without unwanted interaction between the threads。
在Java里,线程安全一般体现在两个方面:
1. 多个thread对同一个java实例的访问(read和modify)不会相互干扰,它主要体现在关键字synchronized。如ArrayList和Vector,HashMap和Hashtable(后者每个方法前都有synchronized关键字)。如果你在interator一个List对象时,其它线程remove一个element,问题就出现了。
2. 每个线程都有自己的字段,而不会在多个线程之间共享。它主要体现在java.lang.ThreadLocal类,而没有Java关键字支持,如像static、transient那样。
一个普遍的疑问,我们的Servlet中能够像JavaBean那样declare instance或static字段吗?如果不可以?会引发什么问题?
答案是:不可以。我们下面以实例讲解:
首先,我们写一个普通的Servlet,里面有instance字段count:
- public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet
- {
- // A variable that is NOT thread-safe!
- private int counter = 0;
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
- throws ServletException, IOException
- {
- doPost(req, resp);
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
- throws ServletException, IOException
- {
- resp.getWriter().println("");
- resp.getWriter().println(this + " ==> ");
- resp.getWriter().println(Thread.currentThread() + ":
- ");
- for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++)
- {
- resp.getWriter().println("Counter = " + counter + "
- ");
- try
- {
- Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000);
- counter++;
- }
- catch (InterruptedException exc)
- {
- }
- }
- resp.getWriter().println("");
- }
- }
public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet { // A variable that is NOT thread-safe! private int counter = 0; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(req, resp); } public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { resp.getWriter().println(""); resp.getWriter().println(this + " ==> "); resp.getWriter().println(Thread.currentThread() + ":
"); for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) { resp.getWriter().println("Counter = " + counter + "
"); try { Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000); counter++; } catch (InterruptedException exc) { } } resp.getWriter().println(""); } }
然后,我们通过一个html页面向该servlet发出三次请求:
- <HTML>
- <BODY>
- <TABLE>
- <TR>
- <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet1" height="200%"> IFRAME>TD>
- TR>
- <TR>
- <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet2" height="200%"> IFRAME>TD>
- TR>
- <TR>
- <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet3" height="200%"> IFRAME>TD>
- TR>
- TABLE>
- BODY>
- HTML>
刷新页面几次后,产生的结果为:
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor23,5,main]:
- Counter = 60
- Counter = 61
- Counter = 62
- Counter = 65
- Counter = 68
- Counter = 71
- Counter = 74
- Counter = 77
- Counter = 80
- Counter = 83
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor22,5,main]:
- Counter = 61
- Counter = 63
- Counter = 66
- Counter = 69
- Counter = 72
- Counter = 75
- Counter = 78
- Counter = 81
- Counter = 84
- Counter = 87
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor24,5,main]:
- Counter = 61
- Counter = 64
- Counter = 67
- Counter = 70
- Counter = 73
- Counter = 76
- Counter = 79
- Counter = 82
- Counter = 85
- Counter = 88
com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor23,5,main]: Counter = 60 Counter = 61 Counter = 62 Counter = 65 Counter = 68 Counter = 71 Counter = 74 Counter = 77 Counter = 80 Counter = 83 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor22,5,main]: Counter = 61 Counter = 63 Counter = 66 Counter = 69 Counter = 72 Counter = 75 Counter = 78 Counter = 81 Counter = 84 Counter = 87 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor24,5,main]: Counter = 61 Counter = 64 Counter = 67 Counter = 70 Counter = 73 Counter = 76 Counter = 79 Counter = 82 Counter = 85 Counter = 88
我们会发现三点:
servlet只产生了一个Servlet对象,因为输出this时,其hashcode都一样,
servlet在不同的线程(线程池)中运行,如http-8081-Processor22,http-8081-Processor23
Count被这三个doGet方法共享,并且并行修改。
上面的结果,违反了线程安全的两个方面。
那么,我们怎样保证按照我们期望的结果运行呢?首先,我想保证产生的count都是顺序执行的。
我们将Servlet代码重构如下:
- public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet
- {
- // A variable that is NOT thread-safe!
- private int counter = 0;
- private String mutex = "";
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
- throws ServletException, IOException
- {
- doPost(req, resp);
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
- throws ServletException, IOException
- {
- resp.getWriter().println("");
- resp.getWriter().println(this + ":
- ");
- synchronized (mutex)
- {
- for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++)
- {
- resp.getWriter().println("Counter = " + counter + "
- ");
- try
- {
- Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000);
- counter++;
- }
- catch (InterruptedException exc) {
- }
- }
- }
- resp.getWriter().println("");
- }
- }
public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet { // A variable that is NOT thread-safe! private int counter = 0; private String mutex = ""; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(req, resp); } public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { resp.getWriter().println(""); resp.getWriter().println(this + ":
"); synchronized (mutex) { for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) { resp.getWriter().println("Counter = " + counter + "
"); try { Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000); counter++; } catch (InterruptedException exc) { } } } resp.getWriter().println(""); } }
我们的输出结果为:
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93:
- Counter = 0
- Counter = 1
- Counter = 2
- Counter = 3
- Counter = 4
- Counter = 5
- Counter = 6
- Counter = 7
- Counter = 8
- Counter = 9
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93:
- Counter = 10
- Counter = 11
- Counter = 12
- Counter = 13
- Counter = 14
- Counter = 15
- Counter = 16
- Counter = 17
- Counter = 18
- Counter = 19
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93:
- Counter = 20
- Counter = 21
- Counter = 22
- Counter = 23
- Counter = 24
- Counter = 25
- Counter = 26
- Counter = 27
- Counter = 28
- Counter = 29
com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93: Counter = 0 Counter = 1 Counter = 2 Counter = 3 Counter = 4 Counter = 5 Counter = 6 Counter = 7 Counter = 8 Counter = 9 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93: Counter = 10 Counter = 11 Counter = 12 Counter = 13 Counter = 14 Counter = 15 Counter = 16 Counter = 17 Counter = 18 Counter = 19 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93: Counter = 20 Counter = 21 Counter = 22 Counter = 23 Counter = 24 Counter = 25 Counter = 26 Counter = 27 Counter = 28 Counter = 29
这符合了我们的要求,输出都是按顺序的,这正式synchronized的含义。
附带说一下,我现在synchronized的是一个字符串变量mutex,不是this对象,这主要是从performance和Scalability考虑。Synchronized用在this对象上,会带来严重的可伸缩性的问题(Scalability),所有的并发请求都要排队!
现在,我们保证了顺序,但是我们怎么保证Counter字段(不是局部变量!)在每个Servlet的线程下都是独立的呢?也就是说,并发请求时,它们都不相互干扰。
我现在将Servlet代码重构如下:
- public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet
- {
- private ThreadLocal counter = new ThreadLocal() {
- protected synchronized Object initialValue()
- {
- return new Integer(0);
- }
- };
- public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
- throws ServletException, IOException
- {
- doPost(req, resp);
- }
- public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
- throws ServletException, IOException
- {
- resp.getWriter().println("");
- resp.getWriter().println(
- this + "[" + Thread.currentThread() + "]:
- ");
- for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++)
- {
- resp.getWriter().println(counter.get() + "
- ");
- try
- {
- Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000);
- int c1 = ((Integer) counter.get()).intValue();
- c1++;
- counter.set(new Integer(c1));
- }
- catch (InterruptedException exc)
- {
- }
- }
- resp.getWriter().println("");
- }
- }
public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet { private ThreadLocal counter = new ThreadLocal() { protected synchronized Object initialValue() { return new Integer(0); } }; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(req, resp); } public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { resp.getWriter().println(""); resp.getWriter().println( this + "[" + Thread.currentThread() + "]:
"); for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) { resp.getWriter().println(counter.get() + "
"); try { Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000); int c1 = ((Integer) counter.get()).intValue(); c1++; counter.set(new Integer(c1)); } catch (InterruptedException exc) { } } resp.getWriter().println(""); } }
现在,我刷新html页面三次,第三次结果如下:
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@124e935[Thread[http-8081-Processor22,5,main]]:
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@124e935[Thread[http-8081-Processor25,5,main]]:
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@124e935[Thread[http-8081-Processor23,5,main]]:
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@124e935[Thread[http-8081-Processor22,5,main]]: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@124e935[Thread[http-8081-Processor25,5,main]]: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@124e935[Thread[http-8081-Processor23,5,main]]: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
从以上结果,我们可以发现:
1、在该html页面内的并发三次请求中,该Servlet里面的counter字段都不相互干扰
2、counter字段还是实例字段,并且都会保留状态,不是每次都用0开始
3、html页面内的三次请求都在不同的线程,但在同一个实例中。
总之,在Java里面,字段(不是局部变量)有三个共享范围:instance field,static field,local thread field,而后者往往在服务器端这种多线程环境必须考虑到的。
在J2EE项目开发过程中,ThreadLocal类有时有非常重要的作用,下面是我碰到的,但可以延伸:
1、在用Hibernate做web开发的持久化时,有个模式叫做Open Session In View,也就是将session保留到页面中,在response结束后,在OpenSessionInViewFilter中关闭session,这对于延迟加载非常有效,例如,我们在页面上显示User的详细信息,需要显示该user的所属Department的信息; 但是,在list users这种不需要显示department信息的地方,那个user的department信息就不会加载,也就是说加载相关信息是动态的,但不会出现LazyInitializationException,也就是Load on demand。不过,注意慎用该模式。
2、在工作流开发,例如OSWorflow,每次调用其服务前,都需要将caller对象传入,这样会导致我们的方法非常臃肿,如果我们在调用该方法的上层,如在Servlet里调用它之前,将User对象置于ThreadLocal中,那么可以在工作流方法内通过get()方法获取,而不用传入参数。
3、为什么Web框架中,Webwork的action中可以有field,但Struts却不能?其实,也就是说,Struts不是线程安全的,而Webwork是线程安全的。大家可以参考Webwork的ActionContext类:
- public class ActionContext implements Serializable {
- static ThreadLocal actionContext = new ActionContextThreadLocal();
- ……………
public class ActionContext implements Serializable { static ThreadLocal actionContext = new ActionContextThreadLocal(); ……………
而对于Struts,我们可以从ActionServlet.process() => RequestProcessor. processActionPerform,在RequestProcessor中有字段 protected HashMap actions = new HashMap();我们不难发现,我们所写的action是共享的,那么内部字段必然也是共享。注意,这种共享类似于Servlet里面的字段。