Linux(CentOS)软件管理(2)- yum 在线安装

手动安装RPM包时,解决依赖性问题是一个非常大的麻烦。如果所有RPM包都是用手工安装,则RPM包的使用难道较大。因此,Red Hat 系列推出了 “yum 在线安装” 方法。
yum 在线安装优点:将所有软件包放在官方服务器上,当进行yum在线安装时,可以自动解决依赖性问题。

一、yum 源配置文件

1. 位置

/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

2. 内容实例(CentOS7)

[root/etc/yum.repos.d]$cat CentOS-Base.repo
# CentOS-Base.repo
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

3. 说明

\ 说明
[base] 容器名称,一定要放在[]中
name 容器说明,可以自己随便写
mirrorlist 镜像站点
baseurl yum源服务器地址
enabled 此容器是否生效。不写或者enable=1生效,enable=0不生效
gpgcheck RPM数字证书是否生效。1:生效;0:不生效
gpgkey RPM数字证书公钥文件保存位置。一般不要修改。

关于 baseurl

baseurl 默认是CentOS官方的yum源服务器地址。是可以使用的,但是由于是国外网址,可能会出现访问较慢的问题,这时可以替换成其他yum源服务器地址。

常用yum源服务器地址

\ 地址
网易 http://mirrors.163.com/.help/...
搜狐 http://mirrors.sohu.com/help/...
清华大学 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua...
中国科学技术大学 http://centos.ustc.edu.cn/hel...
更多开源镜像见【四、常用的Linux国内开源镜像站整理】

4. 清除 yum 缓存

yum 会下载容器的清单到本机的 /var/cache/yum 中,当我们修改了容器的网址却没有修改容器的名称时,可能会造成本机缓存中的列表与yum服务其中的列表不同步,此时就会出现无法更新的问题。
这种情况下,就需要清除 yum 缓存。

命令


yum clean [packages|headers|all]

参数

packages:删除已下载的软件缓存文件
headers:删除已下载的软件文件头缓存
all:删除所有的容器缓存数据

实例

[root/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7]$yum clean packages
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: base extras updates
0 package files removed

[root/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7]$yum clean headers
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: base extras updates
0 header files removed

[root/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7]$yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: base extras updates
Cleaning up everything
Maybe you want: rm -rf /var/cache/yum, to also free up space taken by orphaned data from disabled or removed repos
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors

5. 列出当前 yum 服务器的所有容器

命令

yum repolist all

实例

[vagrant~]$yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
repo id                            repo name                         status
C7.0.1406-base/x86_64              CentOS-7.0.1406 - Base            disabled
C7.0.1406-centosplus/x86_64        CentOS-7.0.1406 - CentOSPlus      disabled
...省略...
base/7/x86_64                      CentOS-7 - Base                   enabled: 9,911
base-debuginfo/x86_64              CentOS-7 - Debuginfo              disabled
base-source/7                      CentOS-7 - Base Sources           disabled
...省略...
extras/7/x86_64                    CentOS-7 - Extras                 enabled:   291
extras-source/7                    CentOS-7 - Extras Sources         disabled
fasttrack/7/x86_64                 CentOS-7 - fasttrack              disabled
updates/7/x86_64                   CentOS-7 - Updates                enabled:   626
updates-source/7                   CentOS-7 - Updates Sources        disabled
repolist: 10,828

6. yum-fastestmirror 插件

对centos系统管理员来说,yum绝对是个好东西,只可惜,官方yum源的速度实在让人不敢恭维,而非官方的yum源又五花八门,让人难以取舍。

幸运的是,yum-fastestmirror插件弥补了这一缺陷:自动选择最快的yum源。

安装

yum -y install yum-fastestmirror

配置文件

/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/fastestmirror.conf

/var/cache/yum/timedhosts.txt #yum镜像的速度测试记录文件

二、使用光盘搭建yam源

在没有网络的情况下,我们就无法使用 yum 在线安装。这时,我们可以使用光盘搭建 yum 源。

1. 挂载光盘

  • 插入光盘
  • 建立挂载点
[root/dev]$mkdir /mnt/cdrom
  • 挂载光盘
[root/dev]$mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom/
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

2. 使网络yum源失效

  • 进入 /etc/yum.repos.d 目录,修改网络yum源文件后缀名,使其失效
[root~]$cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root/etc/yum.repos.d]$mv CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Base.repo.bak

3. 使光盘yum源生效

[root/etc/yum.repos.d]$vim CentOS-Media.repo
# CentOS-Media.repo

[c7-media]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Media
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom   # 地址为光盘挂载地址
#        file:///media/CentOS/ # 注释掉不存在的地址
#        file:///media/cdrom/
#        file:///media/cdrecorder/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1 # 将enabled=0改为enabled=1,让这个yum源文件生效
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

4. 可以使用 yum list 命令查看光盘yum源中的可用软件包

三、yum 常用命令

1. 查询

yum [list|info|search|provides|whatprovides] [参数]

查询所有可用软件包列表

yum list
yum list installed 可以查看所有已安装的软件

使用通配符匹配查询可用软件包列表

yum list [pattern]
  • 实例
[root~]$yum list g?nc-[a-e]*
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
 * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
 * updates: mirrors.sohu.com
Available Packages
gvnc-devel.i686                      0.7.0-3.el7                   base

gvnc-devel.x86_64                    0.7.0-3.el7                   base

查询服务器上可供本机进行升级的软件列表

yum list updates
  • 实例
[root/etc/yum.repos.d]$yum list updates
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Updated Packages
NetworkManager.x86_64                       1:1.10.2-14.el7_5               updates
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64                 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5               updates
NetworkManager-ppp.x86_64                   1:1.10.2-14.el7_5               updates
...省略...

搜索服务器上所有与关键字相关的包

yum search [关键字]
yum search all [关键字]

实例

[root~]$yum search fastestmirror
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
==================================== N/S matched: fastestmirror ====================
yum-plugin-fastestmirror.noarch : Yum plugin which chooses fastest repository from a mirrorlist

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
[root~]$yum search all fastestmirror
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
==================================== Matched: fastestmirror ========================
yum-plugin-fastestmirror.noarch : Yum plugin which chooses fastest repository from a mirrorlist

2. 安装

语法

yum -y install [包名]

选项

-y:提示是否安装依赖时,自动回答yes
install:安装

实例

[root~]$yum install -y gcc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
base                                                                | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
extras                                                              | 3.4 kB  00:00:00
...省略...
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package gcc.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7 will be updated
--> Processing Dependency: gcc = 4.8.5-28.el7 for package: gcc-c++-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64
...省略...
---> Package libstdc++-devel.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=======================================================================================
 Package          Arch          Version     Repository       Size
=======================================================================================
Updating:
 gcc            x86_64    4.8.5-28.el7_5.1    updates     16 M
Updating for dependencies:
 cpp            x86_64    4.8.5-28.el7_5.1    updates     5.9 M
...省略...
Transaction Summary
=========================================================================================
Upgrade  1 Package (+8 Dependent packages)

Total download size: 32 M
Downloading packages:
Delta RPMs disabled because /usr/bin/applydeltarpm not installed.
(1/9): gcc-4.8.5-28.el7_5.1.x86_64.rpm                               |  16 MB  00:00:03
(2/9): libgcc-4.8.5-28.el7_5.1.i686.rpm                              | 108 kB  00:00:00
...省略...
(9/9): gcc-c++-4.8.5-28.el7_5.1.x86_64.rpm                           | 7.2 MB  00:00:06
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                       4.9 MB/s |  32 MB  00:00:06
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
  Updating   : libgcc-4.8.5-28.el7_5.1.x86_64                         1/18
  Updating   : libstdc++-4.8.5-28.el7_5.1.x86_64                      2/18
...省略...
  Cleanup    : libgomp-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64                            18/18
  Verifying  : libgomp-4.8.5-28.el7_5.1.x86_64                        1/18
  Verifying  : libstdc++-4.8.5-28.el7_5.1.i686                        2/18
  ...省略...
  Verifying  : libstdc++-4.8.5-28.el7.i686                            18/18

Updated:
  gcc.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1

Dependency Updated:
  cpp.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1         gcc-c++.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1       libgcc.i686 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1                libgcc.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1     libgomp.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1
  libstdc++.i686 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1     libstdc++.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1     libstdc++-devel.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7_5.1

Complete!

3. 升级

在生产服务器中,除非当前软件版本有重大的BUG,否则尽量不对软件进行升级
使用 yum -y update [包名] 命令时要极其谨慎,若未输入 包名,命令会变成 yum -y update,该命令 升级所有包同时也升级软件和系统内核,有可能造成系统重启甚至崩溃!

语法

yum -y update [包名]
yum -y upgrade [包名]

选项

-y:提示是否安装依赖时,自动回答yes
update:更新,后面接要更新的软件,否则将会更新所有包,改变软件设置和系统设置,更新系统版本内核
upgrade:升级,后面接要升级的软件,否则将会升级所有包。

4. 卸载

在生产服务器中,服务器应使用最小化安装,用什么软件装什么软件,尽量不卸载

语法

yum -y remove [包名]

选项

-y:提示是否安装依赖时,自动回答yes
remove:卸载软件

实例

[root~]$yum -y remove zip
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zip.x86_64 0:3.0-11.el7 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===========================================================================================
 Package        Arch        Version         Repository          Size
===========================================================================================

Removing:
 zip            x86_64      3.0-11.el7      installed           796 k

Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================

Remove  1 Package

Installed size: 796 k
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Erasing    : zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64                                1/1
  Verifying  : zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64                                1/1

Removed:
  zip.x86_64 0:3.0-11.el7

5. yum 软件组管理命令

列出所有可用软件组列表

yum grouplist
  • 实例
[root~]$yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
 * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
 * updates: mirrors.sohu.com
Available Environment Groups:
   Minimal Install
   Compute Node
   Infrastructure Server
   File and Print Server
   Basic Web Server
   Virtualization Host
   Server with GUI
   GNOME Desktop
   KDE Plasma Workspaces
   Development and Creative Workstation
Available Groups:
   Compatibility Libraries
   Console Internet Tools
   Development Tools
   Graphical Administration Tools
   Legacy UNIX Compatibility
   Scientific Support
   Security Tools
   Smart Card Support
   System Administration Tools
   System Management
Done

安装指定软件组,组名可以有grouplist查询出来

yum groupinstall [软件组名]

卸载指定软件组

yum groupremove [软件组名]

四、常用的Linux国内开源镜像站整理

【阿里云开源镜像站】:https://opsx.alibaba.com/

【华为开源镜像站】:http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/

【网易开源镜像站】:http://mirrors.163.com/

【搜狐开源镜像站】:http://mirrors.sohu.com/

【清华大学开源软件镜像站】:https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua...

【中国科学技术大学开源镜像站】:http://centos.ustc.edu.cn/

【上海大学开源镜像站】:http://mirrors.shu.edu.cn/

【浙江大学开源镜像站】:http://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/

【上海交通大学开源镜像站】:http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/

【重庆大学开源软件镜像站】:http://mirrors.cqu.edu.cn/

【南京大学开源镜像站】:http://mirrors.nju.edu.cn/

【南京邮电大学开源软件镜像站】:http://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/

【东软信息学院开源镜像站】:http://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/

【兰州大学开源社区镜像站】:http://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/

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