(1)数据标准化(Standardization or Mean Removal and Variance Scaling)
进行标准化缩放的数据均值为0,具有单位方差。
scale函数提供一种便捷的标准化转换操作,如下:
>>> from sklearn import preprocessing #导入数据预处理包
>>> X=[[1.,-1.,2.],
[2.,0.,0.],
[0.,1.,-1.]]
>>> X_scaled = preprocessing.scale(X)
>>> X_scaled
array([[ 0. , -1.22474487, 1.33630621],
[ 1.22474487, 0. , -0.26726124],
[-1.22474487, 1.22474487, -1.06904497]])
>>> X_scaled.mean(axis=0)
array([ 0., 0., 0.])
>>> X_scaled.std(axis=0)
array([ 1., 1., 1.])
同样我们也可以通过preprocessing模块提供的Scaler(StandardScaler 0.15以后版本)工具类来实现这个功能:
>>> scaler = preprocessing.StandardScaler().fit(X)
>>> scaler
StandardScaler(copy=True, with_mean=True, with_std=True)
>>> scaler.mean_
array([ 1. , 0. , 0.33333333])
>>> scaler.std_
array([ 0.81649658, 0.81649658, 1.24721913])
>>> scaler.transform(X)
array([[ 0. , -1.22474487, 1.33630621],
[ 1.22474487, 0. , -0.26726124],
[-1.22474487, 1.22474487, -1.06904497]])
(2)数据规范化(Normalization)
>>> X = [[ 1., -1., 2.],
[ 2., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 1., -1.]]
>>> X_normalized = preprocessing.normalize(X, norm='l2')
>>> X_normalized
array([[ 0.40824829, -0.40824829, 0.81649658],
[ 1. , 0. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 0.70710678, -0.70710678]])
>>> normalizer = preprocessing.Normalizer().fit(X) # fit does nothing
>>> normalizer
Normalizer(copy=True, norm='l2')
>>> normalizer.transform(X)
array([[ 0.40824829, -0.40824829, 0.81649658],
[ 1. , 0. , 0. ],
[ 0. , 0.70710678, -0.70710678]])
>>> normalizer.transform([[-1., 1., 0.]])
array([[-0.70710678, 0.70710678, 0. ]])
(3)二进制化(Binarization)
>>> X = [[ 1., -1., 2.],
[ 2., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 1., -1.]]
>>> binarizer = preprocessing.Binarizer().fit(X) # fit does nothing
>>> binarizer
Binarizer(copy=True, threshold=0.0) # 默认阈值为0.0
>>> binarizer.transform(X)
array([[ 1., 0., 1.],
[ 1., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 1., 0.]])
>>> binarizer = preprocessing.Binarizer(threshold=1.1) # 设定阈值为1.1
>>> binarizer.transform(X)
array([[ 0., 0., 1.],
[ 1., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0.]])
(4)标签预处理(Label preprocessing)
4.1)标签二值化(Label binarization)
LabelBinarizer通常用于通过一个多类标签(label)列表,创建一个label指示器矩阵
>>> lb = preprocessing.LabelBinarizer()
>>> lb.fit([1, 2, 6, 4, 2])
LabelBinarizer(neg_label=0, pos_label=1)
>>> lb.classes_
array([1, 2, 4, 6])
>>> lb.transform([1, 6])
array([[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1]])
上例中每个实例中只有一个标签(label),LabelBinarizer也支持每个实例数据显示多个标签:
>>> lb.fit_transform([(1, 2), (3,)]) #(1,2)实例中就包含两个label
array([[1, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 1]])
>>> lb.classes_
array([1, 2, 3])
4.2)标签编码(Label encoding)
>>> from sklearn import preprocessing
>>> le = preprocessing.LabelEncoder()
>>> le.fit([1, 2, 2, 6])
LabelEncoder()
>>> le.classes_
array([1, 2, 6])
>>> le.transform([1, 1, 2, 6])
array([0, 0, 1, 2])
>>> le.inverse_transform([0, 0, 1, 2])
array([1, 1, 2, 6])
也可以用于非数值类型的标签到数值类型标签的转化:
>>> le = preprocessing.LabelEncoder()
>>> le.fit(["paris", "paris", "tokyo", "amsterdam"])
LabelEncoder()
>>> list(le.classes_)
['amsterdam', 'paris', 'tokyo']
>>> le.transform(["tokyo", "tokyo", "paris"])
array([2, 2, 1])
>>> list(le.inverse_transform([2, 2, 1]))
['tokyo', 'tokyo', 'paris']