SQL With As 用法

一.WITH AS的含义

WITH AS短语,也叫做子查询部分(subquery factoring),可以定义一个SQL片断,该SQL片断会被整个SQL语句用到。可以使SQL语句的可读性更高,也可以在UNION ALL的不同部分,作为提供数据的部分。

对于UNION ALL,使用WITH AS定义了一个UNION ALL语句,当该片断被调用2次以上,优化器会自动将该WITH AS短语所获取的数据放入一个Temp表中。而提示meterialize则是强制将WITH AS短语的数据放入一个全局临时表中。很多查询通过该方式都可以提高速度。

二.使用方法 
先看下面一个嵌套的查询语句:

select * from person.StateProvince where CountryRegionCode in 
         (select CountryRegionCode from person.CountryRegion where Name like 'C%')

上面的查询语句使用了一个子查询。虽然这条SQL语句并不复杂,但如果嵌套的层次过多,会使SQL语句非常难以阅读和维护。因此,也可以使用表变量的方式来解决这个问题,SQL语句如下:

declare @t table(CountryRegionCode nvarchar(3)) 
insert into @t(CountryRegionCode)  (select CountryRegionCode from person.CountryRegion where Name like 'C%')

select * from person.StateProvince where CountryRegionCode 
                     in (select * from @t)

虽然上面的SQL语句要比第一种方式更复杂,但却将子查询放在了表变量@t中,这样做将使SQL语句更容易维护,但又会带来另一个问题,就是性能的损失。由于表变量实际上使用了临时表,从而增加了额外的I/O开销,因此,表变量的方式并不太适合数据量大且频繁查询的情况。为此,在SQL Server 2005中提供了另外一种解决方案,这就是公用表表达式(CTE),使用CTE,可以使SQL语句的可维护性,同时,CTE要比表变量的效率高得多。

 

下面是CTE的语法:

[ WITH  [ ,n ] ] 
::= 
        expression_name [ ( column_name [ ,n ] ) ] 
    AS 
        ( CTE_query_definition )

现在使用CTE来解决上面的问题,SQL语句如下:

复制代码
with 
cr as 
( 
    select CountryRegionCode from person.CountryRegion where Name like 'C%' 
)

select * from person.StateProvince where CountryRegionCode in (select * from cr)
复制代码

其中cr是一个公用表表达式,该表达式在使用上与表变量类似,只是SQL Server 2005在处理公用表表达式的方式上有所不同。

在使用CTE时应注意如下几点:

1. CTE后面必须直接跟使用CTE的SQL语句(如select、insert、update等),否则,CTE将失效。如下面的SQL语句将无法正常使用CTE:

 
with
cr as
(
    select CountryRegionCode from person.CountryRegion where Name like 'C%'
)
select * from person.CountryRegion  -- 应将这条SQL语句去掉
-- 使用CTE的SQL语句应紧跟在相关的CTE后面 --
select * from person.StateProvince where CountryRegionCode in (select * from cr)
 

2. CTE后面也可以跟其他的CTE,但只能使用一个with,多个CTE中间用逗号(,)分隔,如下面的SQL语句所示:

 
with
cte1 as
(
    select * from table1 where name like 'abc%'
),
cte2 as
(
    select * from table2 where id > 20
),
cte3 as
(
    select * from table3 where price < 100
)
select a.* from cte1 a, cte2 b, cte3 c where a.id = b.id and a.id = c.id
 

3. 如果CTE的表达式名称与某个数据表或视图重名,则紧跟在该CTE后面的SQL语句使用的仍然是CTE,当然,后面的SQL语句使用的就是数据表或视图了,如下面的SQL语句所示:

 
--  table1是一个实际存在的表

with
table1 as
(
    select * from persons where age < 30
)
select * from table1  --  使用了名为table1的公共表表达式
select * from table1  --  使用了名为table1的数据表
 

4. CTE 可以引用自身,也可以引用在同一 WITH 子句中预先定义的 CTE。不允许前向引用。

 
--使用递归公用表表达式显示递归的多个级别
WITH DirectReports(ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel) AS 
(
    SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, 0 AS EmployeeLevel
    FROM HumanResources.Employee
    WHERE ManagerID IS NULL
    UNION ALL
    SELECT e.ManagerID, e.EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel + 1
    FROM HumanResources.Employee e
        INNER JOIN DirectReports d
        ON e.ManagerID = d.EmployeeID 
)
SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel 
FROM DirectReports ;

--使用递归公用表表达式显示递归的两个级别
WITH DirectReports(ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel) AS 
(
    SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, 0 AS EmployeeLevel
    FROM HumanResources.Employee
    WHERE ManagerID IS NULL
    UNION ALL
    SELECT e.ManagerID, e.EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel + 1
    FROM HumanResources.Employee e
        INNER JOIN DirectReports d
        ON e.ManagerID = d.EmployeeID 
)
SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel 
FROM DirectReports 
WHERE EmployeeLevel <= 2 

--使用递归公用表表达式显示层次列表
WITH DirectReports(Name, Title, EmployeeID, EmployeeLevel, Sort)
AS (SELECT CONVERT(varchar(255), c.FirstName + ' ' + c.LastName),
        e.Title,
        e.EmployeeID,
        1,
        CONVERT(varchar(255), c.FirstName + ' ' + c.LastName)
    FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
    JOIN Person.Contact AS c ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID 
    WHERE e.ManagerID IS NULL
    UNION ALL
    SELECT CONVERT(varchar(255), REPLICATE ('| ' , EmployeeLevel) +
        c.FirstName + ' ' + c.LastName),
        e.Title,
        e.EmployeeID,
        EmployeeLevel + 1,
        CONVERT (varchar(255), RTRIM(Sort) + '| ' + FirstName + ' ' + 
                 LastName)
    FROM HumanResources.Employee as e
    JOIN Person.Contact AS c ON e.ContactID = c.ContactID
    JOIN DirectReports AS d ON e.ManagerID = d.EmployeeID
    )
SELECT EmployeeID, Name, Title, EmployeeLevel
FROM DirectReports 
ORDER BY Sort

--使用 MAXRECURSION 取消一条语句
--可以使用 MAXRECURSION 来防止不合理的递归 CTE 进入无限循环。以下示例特意创建了一个无限循环,然后使用 MAXRECURSION 提示将递归级别限制为两级
WITH cte (EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title) as
(
    SELECT EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title
    FROM HumanResources.Employee
    WHERE ManagerID IS NOT NULL
  UNION ALL
    SELECT cte.EmployeeID, cte.ManagerID, cte.Title
    FROM cte 
    JOIN  HumanResources.Employee AS e 
        ON cte.ManagerID = e.EmployeeID
)
--Uses MAXRECURSION to limit the recursive levels to 2
SELECT EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title
FROM cte
OPTION (MAXRECURSION 2)
--在更正代码错误之后,就不再需要 MAXRECURSION。以下示例显示了更正后的代码
WITH cte (EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title)
AS
(
    SELECT EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title
    FROM HumanResources.Employee
    WHERE ManagerID IS NOT NULL
  UNION ALL
    SELECT  e.EmployeeID, e.ManagerID, e.Title
    FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
    JOIN cte ON e.ManagerID = cte.EmployeeID
)
SELECT EmployeeID, ManagerID, Title
FROM cte
 

 

5. 不能在 CTE_query_definition 中使用以下子句:

  (1)COMPUTE 或 COMPUTE BY

  (2)ORDER BY(除非指定了 TOP 子句)

  (3)INTO

  (4)带有查询提示的 OPTION 子句

  (5)FOR XML

  (6)FOR BROWSE

6. 如果将 CTE 用在属于批处理的一部分的语句中,那么在它之前的语句必须以分号结尾,如下面的SQL所示:

 
declare @s nvarchar(3)
set @s = 'C%'
;  -- 必须加分号
with
t_tree as
(
    select CountryRegionCode from person.CountryRegion where Name like @s
)
select * from person.StateProvince where CountryRegionCode in (select * from t_tree)
 
 

来源连接:https://www.cnblogs.com/Niko12230/p/5945133.html

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