中国是世界上最早使用货币的国家之一,使用货币的历史长达五千年之久。中国古代货币在形成和发展的过程中,先后经历了五次极为重大的演变:自然货币向人工货币的演变、由杂乱形状向统一形状的演变、由地方铸币向中央铸币的演变、由文书重量向通宝、元宝的演变 、金属货币向纸币“交子”的演变。中国从春秋时期进入金属铸币阶段到战国时期已确立布币,刀货,蚁鼻钱,环钱四大货币体系。以后又经历了秦、唐、汉、魏晋南北朝,直到1948年12月1日,中国人民银行成立并发行第一套人民币。
重大演变编辑圆形方孔1、自然货币向人工货币的演变。贝是中国最早的货币,商朝以贝作为货币。在中国的汉字中,凡与价值有关的字,大都从“贝”。随着商品交中国货币史换的发展,货币需求量越来越大,海贝已无法满足人们的需求,商朝人们开始用铜仿制海贝。铜币的出现,是中国古代货币史上由自然货币向人工货币的一次重大演变。随着人工铸币的大量使用,海贝这种自然货币便慢慢退出了中国的货币舞台。
Significant evolution edited circular square hole 1, natural money to artificial currency evolution. Bei is the earliest currency in China. In Chinese characters, most words about value are from "Bei". With the development of commodity exchange in China's currency history, the demand for money is becoming more and more large, and the seashells have been unable to meet the needs of the people. The merchants began to use copper to imitate the seashells. The emergence of copper coins is a major evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese monetary history. With the extensive use of artificial coins, the natural money of seashell slowly withdrew from China's currency arena.
2、由杂乱形状向统一形状的演变。从商朝铜币出现后到战国时期,中国的货币形状很多。战国时期不仅各国自铸货币,而且在一个诸侯国内的各个地区也都自铸货币。以赵国的铲币、齐国的刀币、秦国的圆形方孔钱、楚国的蚁鼻钱较著名。秦统一中国后,秦始皇于公元前二一○年颁布了中国最早的货币法“以秦币同天下之币”,规定在全国范围内通行秦国圆形方孔的半两钱。货币的统一,结束了中国古代货币形状各异、重量悬殊的杂乱状态,是中国古代货币史上由杂乱形状向规范形状的一次重大演变。秦半两钱确定下来的这种圆形方孔的形制,一直沿续到民国初期。
2. The evolution from a disorderly shape to a unified shape. From the emergence of Shang Dynasty copper coins to the Warring States period, China's currency has many shapes. During the Warring States period, not only did all countries cast money themselves, but also they cast money in various regions of a princes. It is famous for the money of Zhao Kingdom, the money of Qi, the square hole of Qin state, and the ant's nose money of Chu Kingdom. After the unification of China in the Qin Dynasty, the first emperor of Qin issued China's earliest monetary law in 21 BC, "with Qin currency and the currency of the world", which stipulates the passage of half the money of the circular square hole in the Qin state throughout the country. The unification of money ended the disorderly state of the ancient Chinese currency with different shapes and great differences of weight. It was a major evolution from the chaotic shape to the standard shape in the history of Chinese currency. The shape of the circular square hole determined by Qin half money continued until the beginning of the Republic of China.
[2] 3、由地方铸币向中央铸币的演变。汉初,听任郡国自由铸钱,据《汉书·食货志》记载,文帝时“除盗铸钱令,使民放铸”,于是“盗铸如云而起”。这既造成了货币的混乱,又使富商大贾操纵铸币权,富比天子。公元前113年,汉武帝收回了郡国铸币权,由中央统一铸造五铢钱,五铢钱成为当时唯一合法货币。从此确定了由中央政府对钱币铸造、发行的统一管理,这是中国古代货币史上由地方铸币向中央铸币的一次重大演变。
3. The evolution from local seigniorage to central seigniorage. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, he was allowed to cast money freely. According to the "Han Book", "food and goods" records, Wen emperor, "in addition to the theft of money, make the people cast," so "stolen as cloud and rise." This not only caused the confusion of money, but also made the rich businessmen manipulate the right of Seigniorage and the emperor of the rich. In 113 B.C., Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty withdrew the right of seigniorage in the County State, and made the five Central baht money by the central government. The five baht money became the only legal currency at that time. From then on, the unified management of the casting and issuing of coins by the central government was a major evolution from the local mint to the Central Mint in the history of the ancient Chinese currency.
[1] 交子4、由文书重量向通宝、元宝的演变。秦汉以来所铸的钱币,通常在钱文中都明确标明钱的重量,如“半两”、“五铢”等等(二十四铢为一两)。唐高祖武德四年(621年),李渊决心改革币制,废轻重不一的历代古钱,取“开辟新纪元”之意,统一铸造“开元通宝”钱。“开元通宝”一反秦汉旧制,钱文不书重量,是我国古代货币由文书重量向通宝、元宝的演变。“开元通宝”钱是我国最早的通宝钱。此后铜钱不再用钱文标重量,都以通宝、元宝相称,它一直沿用到辛亥革命后的“民国通宝”。
5、金属货币向纸币“交子”的演变。北宋时,随着交换的发达,货币流通额增加,北宋太宗时,年铸币八十万贯,以后逐渐增加。由于铸钱的铜料紧缺,政府为弥补铜钱的不足,在一些地区大量地铸造铁钱。据《宋史》记载,当时四川所铸铁钱一贯就重达二十五斤八两。“交子”的出现,是古代货币史上由金属货币向纸币的一次重要演变。
[3] 货币体系编辑从春秋时期进入金属铸币阶段到战国时期已确立布币,刀币,蚁鼻钱,环钱四大货币体系。布币
1、赵、韩、魏三国和周王室等地,主要流行布币。春秋时期的布币主要是空首布即有装柄的空心銎。而战国时期的布币主要是平首布,即相对“空首布”而言,已无装柄中空的銎,而形似铲状铜片,布币形制大致分平肩,耸肩,圆肩和方足,尖足,圆足等类别,最一般由平肩平底布或平肩方足向耸肩尖足布,圆肩圆足布演化,地区后扩展到楚国和燕国等地。中国货币史--战国(楚)蚁鼻钱刀币
2、齐国和北方的燕国主要使用刀币。刀币分“燕明刀”和“齐刀化”二大类型。刀币形状取象于山戎、北狄等北方游牧民族渔猎用的刀类工具。由于齐刀面有“化”字文而称“刀化”。环币3、秦国独用环币,其形制取象于纺轮或玉壁演化而来。环币分圆形圆孔和方孔两种。战国时期即较早铸行的是圆形圆孔,后秦惠文王,秦始皇铸圆形方孔“半两”钱。圆形环钱是方孔钱的原始状态。蚁鼻钱4、楚国铸币铜贝称蚁鼻钱,由贝币演化而来。铜贝钱文“”形似鬼脸,为“贝化”二字组合。蚁鼻喻小,意即小钱。楚国有文铜贝铸币俗称“鬼脸钱”、“蚁鼻钱”。楚国除蚁鼻钱外,还有黄金称量货币,是战国时期唯一以黄金为流通货币的国家。秦汉货币编辑秦统一六国后,秦始皇统一文字,度量衡同时,也统一了货币。中国货币史--秦汉“半两钱”规定以“黄金”为上币,以镒(20 两)为单位,以圆形方孔铜钱为下币,以半两为单位。
钱文“半两”与实重相符,这种方孔圆钱从此成为中国货币的主要形式一直沿用二千多年。秦朝方孔圆钱是世界上最早由政府法定的货币。战国币钱文“半两”为大篆,秦朝币钱文“半两”为小篆。宋朝还出现皇帝御书钱。汉币汉“五铢钱”中国货币史--汉“五铢钱”汉武帝公元前118年下令废除汉初郡国制币权,改由中央统一铸币。设“上林三官”即钟官、辨铜、均输,组成中央铸币机构负责铸造五铢钱,也称上林钱和三官钱。五铢钱质量高,改变了货币混乱现象。从汉武帝起历西汉,新莽,东汉,魏、晋、南北朝到隋唐共七百多年。五铢长期为历朝法定货币。因五铁钱轻重合宜,中国以“五铢”为主要形制的方孔圆钱还影响日本、安南、朝鲜等国。新莽币制西汉晚期,王莽建新朝,托古改制,滥发货币。
[1] jiaozi 4, from the weight of documents to the evolution of Tong Bao and Yuanbao. Coins made in Qin and Han Dynasties clearly indicate the weight of money, such as "half two", "five baht" and so on (twenty-four baht is one or two). Tang Gaozu four years (621 years), Li Yuan determined to reform the currency system, waste the light and heavy ancient money, to take "open a new era", the unified casting of "Kai Yuan Tong Bao" money. "Kaiyuan Tong Bao" is an old system in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Qian Wen did not write the weight. It was the evolution of the ancient Chinese currency from the weight of the document to the treasure and the treasure. "Kaiyuan Tong Bao" is the earliest treasure of our country. Since then, copper coins no longer used money to mark the weight, they are all commensurate with Tong Bao and Yuan Bao. They have been used in the "treasure of the Republic of China" after the revolution of 1911.
5. The evolution of the metal currency to the "Jiaozi" of the paper currency. In the Northern Song Dynasty, with the development of exchange, the amount of money circulation increased. Taizong, the Northern Song Dynasty, was eighty million coins a year, and then gradually increased. Due to the shortage of copper materials, the government made large quantities of iron coins in some areas to make up for the shortage of copper money. According to song history, the iron coins in Sichuan always weighed twenty-five Jin 82. The emergence of Jiao Zi is an important evolution in the history of ancient money from metal money to paper money.
[3] monetary system editors from the spring and Autumn period into the metal Mint stage to the Warring States period has established cloth currency, knife money, ant nose money, the four major monetary system of ring money. Bu money
1, Zhao, Han, Wei and Three Kingdoms and other places, mainly popular currency. In the spring and Autumn period, the cloth coins were mainly empty cloth, hollow handle with handle. In the Warring States period, the money of the Warring States period was mainly a flat head cloth. In other words, there was no hollow shank, but it was like a shovel like piece of copper. The shape of the coin was roughly divided into the shoulder, the shrug, the round shoulder and the square foot, the pointed foot, the round foot, and so on. The most generally evolved from the flat shoulder flat or flat shoulder to the shrug, and the round shoulder round foot cloth evolution. The region was extended to Chu and Yan countries. The history of Chinese currency -- the coin of the ant nose of the Warring States (Chu) ant
2. Yan state in Qi and northern countries mainly use knife currency. There are two types of knife currency: "Yan Ming Dao" and "Qi Dao Hua". The shape of the knife takes shape from the tools used by northern nomads such as Yu Shanrong and North di. Because of the "knife" surface, the word "Hua" is called "knife". The ring coin 3 and the Qin Dynasty's single use ring coins are shaped like spinning wheels or jade walls. Circular coins are divided into round circular holes and square holes in two kinds. In the Warring States period, the circular circular hole was built earlier. After Qin Hui Wen Wang and Qin Shihuang built up the "half two" money of the round square hole. The round ring money is the original state of the square hole money. Ant nose money 4, the bronze coin of the state of Chu, called the ant nose money, evolved from the money. Copper Bei Qian Wen "resembles grimace" and is a combination of two characters. The ant nose is small, meaning small money. The bronze coins of Chu Kingdom are commonly known as "grimace money" and "ant nose money". In addition to the ant's nose money, Chu also weighed gold and was the only country in the Warring States period to use gold as currency. Qin and Han currency editors Qin unified six countries, Qin Shihuang unified text, weights and measures at the same time, also unified the currency. The Chinese currency history - the "half of the money" of the Qin and Han Dynasties stipulates that "gold" is used as the upper currency, with Yi (20 two) as the unit, and the round square hole copper money is the next coin, and in the half two units.
Qian Wen's "half two" is in line with the real weight, which has become the main form of Chinese currency since it has been used for more than two thousand years. Kong Yuanqian was the first legal currency in the world. In the Warring States period, "Qian Liang" is a large seal script. In the Song Dynasty, there was also the emperor's money to resist books. The Han Dynasty "five baht money" Chinese currency history - Han "five baht money", Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the abolition of the right of making money in the early part of the Republic of China in 118 BC, and changed to the central unified coin. Set up "Shanglin three official", that is, Zhong Guan, distinguish copper, and all lose, constitute the central minting institution to be responsible for casting five baht money, also known as Shanglin Qian and three official money. The high quality of five baht coins has changed the currency chaos. From the beginning of Han Wu Emperor, the Western Han Dynasty, new Mang, Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties for more than 700 years. The five baht is a legal currency for a long period of time. Due to the five iron money and the appropriate weight, China's "round the money" as the main form of the "five baht" also affects Japan, Annan, North Korea and other countries. In the late Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang built the new empire, rebuilt the ancient system, and spammed money.
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如:“大泉五十”是王莽上台后为解决经济危机而铸行的一种大钱。一枚“大泉五十”重量只及西汉五铢钱重量的二个半,却要当五十个五铢钱用。意味着每发行一枚大钱就要从百姓手中夺走四十七个半五铢钱财富,引起人民不满,于是民间仍用五铢钱交易。王莽以重刑酷法规定:凡敢私藏五铢钱者将作为犯人充军戊边。中国货币史--刀平五千此外还有一种大钱名“刀平五千”即一枚大钱当五千个五铢钱。为防盗铸私钱,除颁行刑法重治外,另创造了一种新币形,即把古代刀币和圆钱结合,创造出世界上第一枚双色金属钱币。为防假私铸而使“大泉五十”、“刀平五千”等官行币“做工精绝”。六朝五铢编辑魏晋南北朝时期,为了省铜,五铢钱越做越小,有“鹅眼”、“鸡目”之称,更有剪凿边圈,称剪边五铢,一枚钱改二枚,面额却大,百当千用。钱币界把这一时期五铢钱统称为“六朝五铢”。
隋唐货币编辑隋五铢钱隋代隋文帝铸造“开皇五铢”结束了汉末以来三百多年钱制庞杂局面,这也是最后一个使用五铢钱的朝代。隋炀帝暴政,有人辩认隋“五铢钱”五铢的 “五”即“X”字左边加竖|为“|X”,放倒后似为“凶”字。于是有人说是隋的凶兆,预示其灭亡为时不远了。故隋朝“五铢钱”较好辨认。其实这种写法北魏也曾有过,这不过是老百姓借此诅咒隋暴政而已。唐文钱唐高祖武德年间铸行“开元通宝”钱,结束了秦汉以来以重量铢两定名的钱币体系,中国货币史--开元通宝而开创了唐宋以后以“文”为单位的年号,宝文体系铜铸币,“通宝”即流通的宝货。“开元通宝”开创十进位制,每枚重二铢四为一文钱,积十文钱重一两,即十钱一两“以钱代铢”。
开元通宝在唐代铸行二百多年而使币制长期稳定。唐以“文”计数,以钱两为重量单位的宝文钱体系沿袭到清朝历时千年。乾元重宝安史之乱后,唐肃宗为对付财政困难、铸造大钱,称“乾元重宝”。这是最早称“重宝”的钱,一文重宝当开元钱十文,引起通货贬值,物价飞涨,盗铸严重,人心不安。至晚唐唐武宗废佛,取佛铜大量铸“会昌开元”钱,使延续了半个世纪的通货紧缩现象才有所缓和。“乾元”,“会昌”均为纪年。五代十国是军阀割据混战分裂时期,由于政权林立,货币五花八门,是一个货币混乱时期。币材除铜外还有锡、铁等。大额钱币当十当百,甚至当千当万流行。宋元货币编辑年号钱两宋的铜铸币以采用年号为显著特点。
据考证年号首创于汉武帝,而“年号钱”始于十六国时四川成都李寿的“汉兴钱”。最后一枚年号钱为袁世凯复辟帝制铸行的“洪宪元年,当十铜元”。此钱随袁世凯垮台,存在不到四个月。“年号钱”因铸有年号,标明铸造时间,使人在考证古币年代时可一目了然,这在钱币形式发展上是一个进步。历朝年号钱中宋、明、清三朝的钱币最容易收集。御书钱宋哲宗年间司马光和苏东坡用篆、行两种书法写过对文钱“元裕通宝”。使宋朝流行书币币对文钱。擅长书法的皇帝在钱文上书写的“御书钱”。宋朝年号御书钱流行。此钱文风到明朝有变。纸币北宋的纸币主要有交子,南宋有会子、关子。元代曾铸行过少量铜钱,但货币主要流通纸币。
这在中国古代是较突出的。元代的纸币称为钞。原钞本不许挪用,纸钞发行量有严格限制。但元末政治腐败,政府只好靠滥发纸币来弥补,引起物价飞涨。明清货币编辑明“银”明朝初朱元璋推行纸币政策,发行“大明宝钞”与铜钱并用。中国货币史--御书钱但大明宝钞不定发行限额,也没准备金,很快就导致通货膨胀,故明中叶嘉靖年后,宝钞已不能通行,民间主要用白银和铜钱。如明朝“班匠”以银代役、雇工工资,富豪积家产等都主要用银量了。
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银量被铸为一定标准的银锭从元朝开始,从元朝至元年间开始,银锭自名“元宝”,这是中国称银锭为“元宝”的开始。同时民间流行铜制钱,质材由青铜转黄铜,铸行以年号为号的通宝钱。清朝货币清代铜钱沿用明朝的制度,主要铸行小平钱。清代铜钱中以咸丰钱最为复杂,钱文有通宝、重宝和元宝之分,面值不同,钱局不同。清朝民间商务大数用银,小钱用钱,钱、银并行。中国货币史--光绪元宝清初一百年以银锭为主币,清朝后期银锭开始向银元转化。
明朝中叶起,在对外贸易中外国商人用他们的银元购买中国丝、茶、瓷器等,使各种外国银元开始在中国流行。到清道光年间,从签不平等《南京条约》开始,赔款用的银元都是“洋钱”,当时中国本国还没银元。
库存洋钱不足抵销数目剧增的对外赔款,于是迫使清末政府开始自己铸造银元。中国最早的机制洋式银元为光绪年间的“光绪元宝”,俗称“龙洋”,因银元背面一般铸有龙纹而得名。同时出现机制铜元,又称“铜板”。清代发行的纸币品种复杂,有官钞和私钞之分,官钞即由官府金融机构发行,私钞由民间金融机构发行,纸钞又可分铜钱票(可兑换方孔铜钱)、铜元票(可兑换铜元)、银两票(可兑换白银)、银元票(可兑换银元)四种。发行纸币开始有库银准备金、钞本来凭证。人民币编辑中华人民共和国的法定货币是人民币,中国人民银行是国家管理人民币的主管机关,中国货币史--人民币负责人民币的设计、印制和发行。人民币的单位为元,人民币的辅币单位为角、分。1元等于10角,1角等于10分。
中华人民共和国自发行人民币以来,历时50多年,随着经济建设的发展以及人民生活的需要而逐步完善和提高,至今已发行五套人民币,形成纸币与金属币、普通纪念币与贵金属纪念币等多品种、多系列的货币体系
。除1、2、5分三种硬币外,第一套、第二套和第三套人民币已经退出流通,流通的人民币,是中国人民银行自1987年以来发行的第四套人民币和1999年发行的第五套人民币,两套人民币同时流通。
第一套1948年12月1日,中国人民银行成立并发行第一套人民币,共12种面额62种版别,其中1元券2种、5元券4种、10元券4种、20元券7种、50元券7种、100元券10种、200元券5种、500元券6种、1000元券6种、5000元券5种、10000元券4种、50000元券2种。第二套第二套人民币于1955年3月1日开始发行,同时收回第一套人民币。第二套人民币和第一套人民币折合比率为1:10000。
第二套人民币共有1分、2分、5分、1角、2角、5角、1元、2元、3元、5元、10元11个面额,其中1元券有2种,5元券有2种,1分、2分和5分券别有纸币、硬币2种。为便于流通,自1957年12月1日起发行1分、2分、5分三种硬币,与纸分币等值流通。1961年3月25日和1962年4月20日分别发行了黑色1元券和棕色5元券,分别对票面图案、花纹进行了调整和更换。由于大面额钞票技术要求很高,在当时情况下3、5、10元由苏联代印。
第三套第三套人民币于1962年4月20日发行,共有 1角、2角、5角、1元、2元、5元、10元7种面额、13种版别,其中1角券别有4种(包括1种硬币),2角、5角、1元有纸币、硬币2种。1966年和1967年,又先后两次对1角纸币进行改版,主要是增加满版水印,调整背面颜色。第四套为了适应经济发展的需要,进一步健全中国的货币制度,方便流通使用和交易核算
中国人民银行自1987年4月27日,发行第四套人民币。共有1角、2角和5角、1元、2元、5元、10元、50元、100元9种面额,其中1角、5角、1元有纸币、硬币2种。与第三套人民币相比,增加了50、100元大面额人民币。为适应反假人民币工作需要,1992年8月20日,又发行了改版后的1990年版50、100元券,增加了安全线。
第五套1999年10月1日,中国人民银行陆续发行第五套人民币,共有1角、5角、1元、5元、10元、20元、50元、100元八种面额,其中1角、5角、1元有纸币、硬币2种。第五套人民币根据市场流通需要,增加了20元面额,取消了2元面额,使面额结构更加合理。纪念币编辑普通纪念币是具有特定主题,限量发行的人民币。
中国人民银行从1984年发行第一套普通纪念币至今,共发行了63套75枚(张)普通纪念币,总发行量约8.5亿枚(张)。面额有1角、1元、5元、10元、50元、100元不等,将中华人民共和国50多年的辉煌成就及重大历史事件浓缩于纪念币的方寸之间。