Linux查看硬件信息（实例详解）

linux查看系统的硬件信息，并不像windows那么直观，这里我罗列了查看系统信息的实用命令，并做了分类实例详解。

查看当前操作系统内核信息
# uname -a

Linux redcat 2.6.31-20-generic #58-Ubuntu SMP Fri Mar 12 05:23:09 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux

查看当前操作系统发行版信息

[root@dep5 ~]# cat /etc/issue
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.5 (Santiago)
Kernel \r on an \m

---

CPU信息

lscpu命令，查看cpu统计信息.

[root@dep5 ~]# clear
[root@dep5 ~]# lscpu 
Architecture:          x86_64　　#架构
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit　　#32位，64位
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                1　　#CPU个数
On-line CPU(s) list:   0
Thread(s) per core:    1　　#每个核心线程数是1　　　
Core(s) per socket:    1　　#每个cpu插槽核数/每颗物理cpu核数是1
Socket(s):             1　　#CPU插槽数1
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel　　#cpu厂商ID是GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6　　#CPU系列6
Model:                 58　　#型号58
Stepping:              9　　#步进是9
CPU MHz:               1895.739　　 #cpu主频是1895.739MHz　　
BogoMIPS:              3791.47
Hypervisor vendor:     VMware　　
Virtualization type:   full
L1d cache:             32K　　#一级缓存32K（google了下，这具体表示表示cpu的L1数据缓存为32k）　　
L1i cache:             32K　　 #一级缓存32K（具体为L1指令缓存为32K）
L2 cache:              256K　　 #二级缓存2048K
L3 cache:              2048K　　 #三级缓存2048K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0

查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每个cpu信息，如每个CPU的型号，主频等。

#cat /proc/cpuinfoprocessor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 42
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2320 CPU @ 3.00GHz
.....

上面输出的是第一个cpu部分信息，还有3个cpu信息省略了。

查看cpu型号

[root@dep5 ~]#  cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep name | cut -f2 -d: | uniq -c
      1  Intel(R) Celeron(R) CPU 1005M @ 1.90GHz

查看物理cpu颗数

[root@dep5 ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep physical | uniq -c
      1 address sizes    : 42 bits physical, 48 bits virtual

(说明实际上是1颗2核的CPU) 

查看cpu运行模式

[root@dep5 ~]# getconf LONG_BIT
64

查看cpu是否支持64bit

[root@dep5 ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep flags | grep ' lm ' | wc -l
1

(结果大于0, 说明支持64bit计算. lm指long mode, 支持lm则是64bit)

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内存信息

概要查看内存情况

free -m
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          3926       3651        274          0         12        404
-/+ buffers/cache:       3235        691
Swap:         9536         31       9505

这里的单位是MB，总共的内存是3926MB。

查看内存详细使用[root@dep5 ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal:        1180536 kB
MemFree:          832688 kB
Buffers:           32484 kB
Cached:           151700 kB
SwapCached:            0 kB
Active:           128232 kB
.....查看内存硬件信息dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 2.11
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0008, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
....
Maximum Capacity: 32 GB
....

Handle 0x000A, DMI type 17, 34 bytes
....
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0008
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
.....

我的主板有4个槽位，只用了一个槽位，上面插了一条4096MB的内存。

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磁盘信息

查看硬盘和分区分布[root@dep5 ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   20G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  200M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0  200M  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 19.6G  0 part /
sr0     11:0    1  3.6G  0 rom 显示很直观，如果要看硬盘和分区的详细信息[root@dep5 ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00023e42

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          26      204800   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              26          52      204800   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3              52        2611    20560896   83  Linux

 

网卡信息

查看网卡硬件信息

# lspci | grep -i 'eth'
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller (rev 06)

查看系统的所有网络接口

# ifconfig -a
eth0      Link encap:以太网  硬件地址 b8:97:5a:17:b3:8f  
          .....

lo        Link encap:本地环回  
          .....

或者是

ip link show
1: lo:  mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state DOWN 
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether b8:97:5a:17:b3:8f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
如果要查看某个网络接口的详细信息，例如eth0的详细参数和指标# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
    Supported ports: [ TP MII ]
    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
                            100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
                            1000baseT/Half 1000baseT/Full #支持千兆半双工，全双工模式
    Supported pause frame use: No 
    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes #支持自适应模式，一般都支持
    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
                            100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
                            1000baseT/Half 1000baseT/Full
    Advertised pause frame use: Symmetric Receive-only
    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes #默认使用自适应模式
    Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
                                         100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
    .....
    Speed: 100Mb/s #现在网卡的速度是100Mb,网卡使用自适应模式，所以推测路由是100Mb，导致网卡从支持千兆，变成要支持百兆
    Duplex: Full   #全双工
    .....
    Link detected: yes    #表示有网线连接，和路由是通的

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其他

查看pci信息，即主板所有硬件槽信息。lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller (rev 09) #主板芯片
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 09) #显卡
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB xHCI Host Controller (rev 04) #usb控制器
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point MEI Controller #1 (rev 04)
00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 04)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Panther Point High Definition Audio Controller (rev 04) #声卡
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev c4) #pci 插槽
00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev c4)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev c4)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 04)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point LPC Controller (rev 04)
00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation Panther Point 4 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 04) #硬盘接口
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Panther Point SMBus Controller (rev 04)
00:1f.5 IDE interface: Intel Corporation Panther Point 2 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 04) #硬盘接口
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller (rev 06) #网卡
03:00.0 PCI bridge: Integrated Technology Express, Inc. Device 8893 (rev 41)如果要更详细的信息:lspci -v 或者 lspci -vv

如果要看设备树:lscpi -t

查看bios信息# dmidecode -t bios
......
BIOS Information
Vendor: American Megatrends Inc.
Version: 4.6.5
Release Date: 04/25/2012
.......
BIOS Revision: 4.6
......dmidecode以一种可读的方式dump出机器的DMI(Desktop Management Interface)信息。这些信息包括了硬件以及BIOS，既可以得到当前的配置，也可以得到系统支持的最大配置，比如说支持的最大内存数等。

如果要查看所有有用信息

dmidecode -q
[root@dep5 ~]# dmidecode --help
Usage: dmidecode [OPTIONS]
Options are:
 -d, --dev-mem FILE     Read memory from device FILE (default: /dev/mem)
 -h, --help             Display this help text and exit
 -q, --quiet            Less verbose output
 -s, --string KEYWORD   Only display the value of the given DMI string
 -t, --type TYPE        Only display the entries of given type
 -u, --dump             Do not decode the entries
     --dump-bin FILE    Dump the DMI data to a binary file
     --from-dump FILE   Read the DMI data from a binary file
 -V, --version          Display the version and exit