强调前人研究的不足之处
1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......
2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......
5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....
6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......
7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......
11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......
12. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ....
13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......
14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.
15. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......
重申研究目的
1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.
2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......
3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......
4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......
5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......
介绍方法、数据的来源
1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ...... 2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.
4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ......
This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......
“Overall, our studies establish the….”；“Although there are important discoveries revealed by these studies, there are also limitations.
First,…..Second,…..Third,…..Fourth,…Last,…Overall,…”；“Furthermore, our results suggest that….”；“ Our results suggest a possibility of….”；“One important future direction of …. is…..”；“To this end, we show that….”；“However, none of these approaches to date holds the….”；“Our studies serve as a proof-of-concept that….”；“This could explain why…..”；“Alternatively, …. may be operative….”；“Thus, future iterations of ….. may in fact demonstrate even greater potency.”；“On the other hand, the lack of…..”；“In summary, we have identified…..”；“Our results confirm that…..”；“These studies thus offer a new strategy to treat…..”
并列递进moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise, also, then, additionally
转折not, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, meanwhile, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, paradoxically, by contrast, in spite of，rather than, instead of, unfortunately
解释in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms
对比比较Likewise, Similarly, In parallel to, while, whereas,
原因because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to, thanks to, for this reason
结果therefore, as a result, then, consequently, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence
举例for example, for instance, as such, such as, take ...for example, to illustrate, to name a few
总结overall, eventually, consequently, in summary, in a word, as a result, together, collectively, thus, hence, consequently, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in brief, to conclude, to summarize, in short, briefly
强调surprisingly, interestingly, intriguingly, strikingly, unexpectedly, clearly, obviously, apparently, in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, undoubtedly, notably, specifically, particularly, especially
firstly, ... secondly, ... finally ...; first, ... then ... etc.
让步although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, given that
可能presumably, probably, perhaps
虽然这个科学问题很重要，然而有哪个具体的细节关键我们还不知道。
virtually/largely unknown, elusive, unclear, much less explored, surprisingly limited, less understood, unsolved, scarcely understood
2、如果是研究某些新材料、新技术等，我们在文章中又该从哪几个方面来夸我们的成果
reliability and validity, robust and fundamental, efficiency and specificity, cost-effectiveness(price), the simplicity of the protocols, the amount of labor required, equipment requirement，necessary or sufficient
3、在引用别人文献中的论点论据时，该如何表述“别人说”？
clearly/obviously demonstrate, reveal, illustrate, prove, show, report, implicate, confirm, describe
4、“执行动词”的第N种表示方法。在引述别人工作的时，别人都如何“做”呢？
examine, perform, carry out, observe, compare, investigate, indicate, show, manipulate, test, establish, identify, detect, stimulate, analyse, assess, suggest, propose, speculate, determine, find, apply, purify, construct a model, devised a protocol, calculate, categorize, conduct, imply, measure
5、关于“方式方法”的“效应”评价
plays a central/ pivotal/ vital key/essential role
a powerful regulator/ a key molecular determinant, a well-accepted model
influence, affect, rescue, reverse, lead to, contribute to, attribute to, ascribe to, drop, reduce, increasing, attenuate, ameliorate, improve, mount, accumulate
6、写文章免不了溯古叙今，“时间表述词”
recently, most recently, at the same time/period, since then, for several decades
7、重大影响的描述
pushing the boundariesrecent/enormous advance, progress, knowledge, historic, perspectives, new/novel insights, seminal discovery, an emerging theme, major/important findings, a better understanding
常用动词及短语，如“show, as shown in, suggest, demonstrate, compare, prove, examine, strengthen, enhance, upregulate, downregulate, measure, test, observe” etc；常用形容词如“significant, dramatic, remarkable, weak, notable, interesting, obvious” etc;
常用的副词或词组如“significantly, dramatically, remarkably, weakly, notably, obviously, in summary, in a word, therefore, thereafter”
“In order to prove..., we used...”；“We have set up...”；“To demonstrate..., we further...”；“Consistently/Consistent with...”；“Compared with...”；“Thus, at current time, we have evidence that...”；“We next characterized...”；“We found that...”；“We have noticed that...”；“It’s known that...”；“So we introduced... In our study...”；“In contrast...”；“These data suggest that...”；“So we next explored...”；“Notably, ...”；“Importantly, ...”；“Furthermore...”；“Moreover...”；“We have previously shown that...”；“As shown in Fig. 1, ...”；
“Fig. 1 shows...”；“Overall, ...”；“Taken together, these results suggest...”；“These data are consistent with the notion that...”；“Next, we examined the effect of...”；“We next set out to determine whether...”；“Lastly, we examined...”；“In order to establish...”.
讨论开始，可以开门见山：“Here, we describe....”或“In this paper, we show that.... Importantly, ..., suggesting...”
下面是一些常用的短语和句式：
“Overall, our studies establish the...”；
“Although there are important discoveries revealed by these studies, there are also limitations. First, ...；Second, ...； Third, ...；Fourth, ...；Last, ...Overall, ...”；
“Furthermore, our results suggest that...”；
“Our results suggest a possibility of...”；
“One important future direction of ...is...”；
“To this end, we show that...”；
“However, none of these approaches to date holds the...”；
“Our studies serve as a proof-of-concept that...”；
“This could explain why...”；
“Alternatively, ... may be operative...”；
“Thus, future iterations of ... may in fact demonstrate even greater potency.”；
“On the other hand, the lack of...”；
“In summary, we have identified...”；
“Our results confirm that...”；
“These studies thus offer a new strategy to treat...”
概述（Introduction）：
（1）概述中的研究背景通常会引用相关学科中广为接受的原理或事实，以及你所做研究的重要性，这些通常采用现在时。
例如：Genomics provides crucial information for rational drug design.
（2）在概述中也可能引用与你从事项目相关的一些研究结果，为表达你对该研究结果仍坚信其正确性及相关性，尤其是不受时间限制的客观存在事实和理论的描述，可使用现在时。
例如：Garcia (1993) suggested that under certain conditions, an individual’s deposit income is the same as the income from purchased national debt, thus changes in the amount of bank loans and deposits caused by changes in the amount of reserves will eventually affect the bond price.
描述过去时间做的实验和工作，用过去时。
需要注意的是如果引用的是一些已经过时或失效的科研结果，动词要使用过去时。
例如：Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were "the weaker sex," but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.
（注意这里从过去时态过渡到现在时态）
材料与方法（Materials and Methods）：
对写论文之前自己所做工作的描述，通常采用一般过去时。
例如：（例1） Total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured in the laboratory using standard procedures.
（例2）The standard protocol was followed for the preparation of the media from stock solutions.
结果（Results）：
对自己得出的研究结果，采用过去时进行详细的阐述。
例如：（例1）Overall, more than 70% of the insects collected were non-phytophagous.
（例2） Following activation of NT oocytes with strontium, the cell cycle resumed in both groups.
描述图表内容通常采用现在时。
例如：（例1） Figure 1 displays the comparative variation in the morphology of donor chromatin in both age groups of oocytes.
（例2） Table 1 below shows the stream flows calculated for each stream using Equation 1.
图1和表1表达的论文写作时的状态，所以要用现在时。
讨论（Discussion）：
采用现在时表达研究结果的意义。
例如：Removal of vegetation for agricultural purposes appears to negatively affect the water quality of streams.
采用过去时总结研究结果，并采用现在时对研究结果进行讨论与解释。
例如：（例1）Weight increased as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results suggestthat feeds higher in nutritional value contribute to greater weight gain in livestock.
（注意这里用过去时描述了实验发现，但在讨论这个发现的意义时用的是现在时。）
（例2）Leaf carbon and phenolic content did not differ across sites, indicating that the response of
secondary plant chemicals such as phenolics to water is complex.
（这句的描述几乎没有假设的意思，表示作者坚信其研究结果和结论的正确性及相关性）
结论（Conclusion）：
可用多种时态，使用过去时强调过去的研究成果，并可采用现在时或将来时表达未来的研究方向或研究前景。
例如：Although the study found evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area, from the data collected it was not possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream cause (or caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies are therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.
● beginning（开头句型）
开头可以使用开门见山法或举一反三法
......has both advantages and disadvantages
With the development of......
Although......
To begin with we will provide a brief background on the......
To begin with we will provide a brief background on the......
When it comes to…，some people think / believe
That…，others argue / claim that opposite / reverse is true．There is probably
some truth in both arguments
● Introduction中可以介绍论文的目的，观点或论点
Details on......and......are discussed in later sections.
The aim of this study was......
In the research described here,......
......play（s）an important role / part
● Problem / Issue/ Question
An unanswered question
Two major problems have yet to be addressed
The three prime issues can be summarized
● 结尾句型
This study further shows that
in one / a word
generally speaking
● 同时，还要注意一些常用的转折副词：
However
Nevertheless
Unfortunately
Although
While