通过之前四篇的介绍:
Python中类相关的一些基本点已经比较完整清晰了,本文继续深入Python中类的继承和_ _slots _ _属性。
1、继承
class SubClassName(ParentClass1 [, ParentClass2, ...]):
class_suite
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Sun Jan 21 22:33:09 2018
@author: BruceWong
"""
class Parent(object):
'''
parent class
'''
numList = []
def numdiff(self, a, b):
return a-b
class Child(Parent):
pass
c = Child()
# subclass will inherit attributes from parent class
#子类继承父类的属性
Child.numList.extend(range(10))
print(Child.numList)
print("77 - 2 =", c.numdiff(77, 2))
# built-in function issubclass()
print(issubclass(Child, Parent))
print(issubclass(Child, object))
# __bases__ can show all the parent classes
#bases属性查看父类
print('the bases are:',Child.__bases__)
# doc string will not be inherited
#doc属性不会被继承
print(Parent.__doc__)
print(Child.__doc__)
代码的输出为:
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
77 - 2 = 75
True
True
the bases are: (<class '__main__.Parent'>,)
parent class
None
例子中唯一特别的地方是文档字符串。文档字符串对于类,函数/方法,以及模块来说是唯一的,也就是说doc属性是不能从父类中继承来的。
2、继承中的_ _init_ _
当在Python中出现继承的情况时,一定要注意初始化函数_init_的行为:
2.1、子类没有定义自己的初始化函数,父类的初始化函数会被默认调用:
#定义父类:Parent
class Parent(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
print("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)
print("name attribute is:", self.name)
#定义子类Child ,继承父类Parent
class Child(Parent):
pass
#子类实例化时,由于子类没有初始化,此时父类的初始化函数就会默认被调用
#且必须传入父类的参数name
c = Child("init Child")
子类实例化时,由于子类没有初始化,此时父类的初始化函数就会默认被调用,此时传入父类的参数name,输出结果为:
create an instance of: Child
name attribute is: init Child
如果不传入父类的参数name:
class Parent(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
print("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)
print("name attribute is:", self.name)
class Child(Parent):
pass
#c = Child("init Child")
#print()
c = Child()
没有传入父类name参数的输出结果会报错:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "" , line 1, in <module>
runfile('C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py', wdir='C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3')
File "C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py", line 866, in runfile
execfile(filename, namespace)
File "C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py", line 102, in execfile
exec(compile(f.read(), filename, 'exec'), namespace)
File "C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py", line 54, in <module>
c = Child()
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'name'
2.2、子类定义了自己的初始化函数,而在子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数,则父类的属性不会被初始化
class Parent(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
print("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)
print("name attribute is:", self.name)
#子类继承父类
class Child(Parent):
#子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数
def __init__(self):
print("call __init__ from Child class")
#c = Child("init Child")
#print()
#将子类实例化
c = Child()
print(c.name)
在子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数,则父类的属性不会被初始化,因而此时调用子类中name属性不存在:
AttributeError: ‘Child’ object has no attribute ‘name’
call __init__ from Child class
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "" , line 1, in <module>
runfile('C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py', wdir='C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3')
File "C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py", line 866, in runfile
execfile(filename, namespace)
File "C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py", line 102, in execfile
exec(compile(f.read(), filename, 'exec'), namespace)
File "C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py", line 56, in <module>
print(c.name)
AttributeError: 'Child' object has no attribute 'name'
2.3、如果子类定义了自己的初始化函数,显示调用父类,子类和父类的属性都会被初始化
class Parent(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
print("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)
print("name attribute is:", self.name)
class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self):
print("call __init__ from Child class")
super(Child,self).__init__("data from Child") #要将子类Child和self传递进去
#c = Child("init Child")
#print()
d = Parent('tom')
c = Child()
print(c.name)
子类定义了自己的初始化函数,显示调用父类,子类和父类的属性都会被初始化的输出结果:
#实例化父类Parent的结果
create an instance of: Parent
name attribute is: tom
#实例化子类Child的结果
call __init__ from Child class
#super首先会先使得父类初始化的参数进行实例化
create an instance of: Child
name attribute is: data from Child
data from Child
3、super的使用详解
class Parent(object):
Value = "Hi, Parent value"
def fun(self):
print("This is from Parent")
#定义子类,继承父类
class Child(Parent):
Value = "Hi, Child value"
def ffun(self):
print("This is from Child")
c = Child()
c.fun()
c.ffun()
print(Child.Value)
输出结果:
This is from Parent
This is from Child
Hi, Child value
但是,有时候可能需要在子类中访问父类的一些属性,可以通过父类名直接访问父类的属性,当调用父类的方法是,需要将”self”显示的传递进去的方式:
class Parent(object):
Value = "Hi, Parent value"
def fun(self):
print("This is from Parent")
class Child(Parent):
Value = "Hi, Child value"
def fun(self):
print("This is from Child")
Parent.fun(self) #调用父类Parent的fun函数方法
c = Child()
c.fun()
输出结果:
This is from Child
This is from Parent #实例化子类Child的fun函数时,首先会打印上条的语句,再次调用父类的fun函数方法
这种方式有一个不好的地方就是,需要经父类名硬编码到子类中,为了解决这个问题,可以使用Python中的super关键字:
class Parent(object):
Value = "Hi, Parent value"
def fun(self):
print("This is from Parent")
class Child(Parent):
Value = "Hi, Child value"
def fun(self):
print("This is from Child")
#Parent.fun(self)
super(Child,self).fun() #相当于用super的方法与上一调用父类的语句置换
c = Child()
c.fun()
输出结果:
This is from Child
This is from Parent #实例化子类Child的fun函数时,首先会打印上条的语句,再次调用父类的fun函数方法