Women and work: The power of parity(1)

It is hard to put a number on the social costs of this but the McKinsey folk take a stab at estimating the loss of economic output that goes with it. Other studies find that countries could boost their GDP by 5-20% if women’s participation in the workforce was on a par with men’s. But that captures only part of the lost output. Even in rich bits of the world, where women are close to half the paid workforce, they tend to work fewer hours than men and in jobs with lower productivity, not to mention lower pay as a result of pure discrimination. If the gender gaps in participation, hours worked and productivity were all bridged, the world economy would be $28.4 trillion (or 26%) richer, McKinsey reckons (see chart). The potential gains are proportionately greater in places where fewer women are in paid work. India, for instance, could be 60% richer.

要达到两性平衡需要投入多少社会成本,很难得出一个数字,但是麦肯锡协会对于由此产生的经济损失做出了一个估算。有其他研究表明如果女性同男性一样参加工作,国家的GDP可以提高5-20%。但是那仅仅损失的造成的损失。即使是在发达国家,尽管女性在整个国家劳动人口比例中接近一半,她们更倾向于比男性工作时长少一点,工资低一点,在不考虑这是由于性别歧视造成工资低的情况下。如果在工作中存在性别歧视,工作时长和生产力可以被填补,世界经济将达到28.4万亿或者增长26%,麦肯锡协会指出。在越少女性参加工作的国家,这种潜力越是明显。比如,印度,它可以达到增长60%。

A more realistic target is for countries to close their gender gaps at the rate achieved by the country in their region with the best recent record in this respect. That would add $12 trillion to global output by 2025, according to McKinsey’s calculations, other things being equal (which they almost certainly will not be).

对于某些国家来说,更现实的目标就是在这方面最大限度的消除性别歧视。根据麦肯锡的计算,这可以使全球产出到2025年增长12万亿美元,在其他条件都相同的情况下(当然这些条件是会变化的)。

The policies that would quicken a closing of the gender gap at work, such as keeping girls at school for longer and providing better legal protections for women, are in the gift of government. Women whose level of education is on a par with men are more likely to find well-paid jobs in technical professions. They are also more likely to share unpaid work more equitably with men—or, at least, to be able to claim, as Rivers did, that the dullest chores can wait for another six months.

以下这些政策可以加快消除工作中的性别差异,比如让女孩上更多的学,对女性提供更好的司法保护,这些都是政府的应该提供的。在技术专业中,有同等学历的女性比男性更容易获得高工资。同样,她们也可以同男人平等的分摊没有报酬的工作,或者,至少像里弗斯说的那样,这些琐碎的家务可以等6个月。

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很难用数字去说明这种情况的社会成本。不过,麦肯锡仍然设法估算出性别不平等造成的经济产出损失。一些研究也发现,如果女性工作的比例能与男性一样,那么很多国家GDP将增加5~20%。不过,那仅仅抵消了产出损失部分。即使在那些女性劳动参与率接近一半的发达地区,相比于男性,她们工作时间仍然较短,从事生产率更低的工作,更别提单纯因性别歧视而造成的低收入了。麦肯锡还认为,假使因性别差异而造成的工作参与率、工时差异、生产力都能弥平,那么,全球经济产出将增加28.4万亿美元(或26%)。在有偿工作中女性占比更低的地方,这种潜在收入会大幅度的增加。例如,印度经济产出可能会增多60%。

比较有可能实现的目标是,各国按本区域性别差异最小的国家所实现的比例来减少性别差异。根据麦肯锡的计算,当其他因素相同的情况下(几乎可以确定不可能),到2025年,这种方式将为全球产出增加12万亿美元。

政府提供的一些能加快缩小两性工作差异的政策,譬如为女性提供更长时间的教育或者为妇女提供更好的法律保护。在同等学历下,女性更容易在技术专业领域上找到更高薪的工作。她们也会因此更愿意与男性平等分担无酬的工作,或者至少能像里弗斯那样宣称:最乏味的家务可以再等上六个月。

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