Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 HTTP 库。用 Python 编写,真正的为人类着想。
Python 标准库中的 urllib2 模块提供了你所需要的大多数 HTTP 功能,但是它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作,甚至包括各种方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。
总之,大家以后对urllib2库敬而远之就行了。来拥抱Requests吧。
Requests的官方文档:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/
通过下面方法安装requests
pip install requests
非常简单,先导入requests,
import requests
然后,按照下面的方法发送http的各种请求:
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
r = requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
如果http请求需要带URL参数(注意是URL参数不是body参数),那么需要将参数附带到payload字典里头,按照下面的方法发送请求:
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=payload)
print r.url
通过
print
(
r
.
url
)能看到URL已被正确编码:
http://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1
注意字典里值为
None 的键都不会被添加到 URL 的查询字符串里。
import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
r.text
响应结果是:
{"message":"Hello there, wayfaring stranger. If you're reading this then you probably didn't see our blog post a couple of years back announcing that this API would go away: http://git.io/17AROg Fear not, you should be able to get what you need from the shiny new Events API instead.","documentation_url":"https://developer.github.com/v3/activity/events/#list-public-events"}
Requests会自动解码来自服务器的内容。大多数unicode字符集都能被无缝地解码。请求发出后,Requests会基于HTTP头部对响应的编码作出有根据的推测。当你访问r.text之时,Requests会使用其推测的文本编码。你可以找出Requests使用了什么编码,并且能够使用r.encoding 属性来改变它
>>> r.encoding 'utf-8'
如果请求返回的是二进制的图片,你可以使用r.content访问请求响应体。
import requests
from PIL import Image
from StringIO import StringIO
r = requests.get('http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_static/requests-sidebar.png')
i = Image.open(StringIO(r.content))
i.show()
Requests中也有一个内置的JSON解码器,助你处理JSON数据:
import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print r.json()
r.json将返回的json格式字符串解码
成python字典。r.text返回的utf-8的文本。
如果你想为请求添加HTTP头部,只要简单地传递一个 dict 给headers 参数就可以了。
import requests
import json
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
print r.json()
注意,这里的payload是放到body里面的,所以params参数要使用json数据。
就像上面‘定制请求头’中的例子,将payload序列化为json格式数据,传递给data参数。
先制作一个text文件,名为‘report.txt’,内容是‘this is a file’。Requests使得上传多部分编码文件变得很简单:
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': open('report.txt', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print r.text
返回结果是:
C:\Python27\python.exe C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/flaskexample/postfile.py
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {
"file": "this is a file"
},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Content-Length": "160",
"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=a3b41a6300214ffdb55ddbc23dfc0d91",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.7.0 CPython/2.7.9 Windows/2012Server"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "202.108.92.226",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
Process finished with exit code 0
传递一个字典给 data 参数就可以了。数据字典在发出请求时会自动编码为表单形式:
>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
>>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
查看响应内容:
>>> print r.text
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"key1": "value1",
"key2": "value2"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Content-Length": "23",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.6.0 CPython/2.7.10 Windows/7"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "124.251.251.2",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
使用r.status_code返回响应的状态码。
import requests
r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print r.status_code
为方便引用,Requests还附带了一个内置的状态码查询对象:
print r.status_code == requests.codes.ok
如果发送了一个失败请求(非200响应),我们可以通过 Response.raise_for_status()来抛出异常:
import requests
bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/404')
print bad_r.status_code
bad_r.raise_for_status()
返回结果是:
C:\Python27\python.exe C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/flaskexample/postfile.py
404
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/flaskexample/postfile.py", line 5, in
bad_r.raise_for_status()
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 851, in raise_for_status
raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 404 Client Error: NOT FOUND
Process finished with exit code 1
如果返回码是200,则不会抛出异常,即:
import requests
bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print bad_r.status_code
bad_r.raise_for_status()
的返回结果是:
C:\Python27\python.exe C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/flaskexample/postfile.py
200
Process finished with exit code 0
我们可以查看以一个Python字典形式展示的服务器响应头:
读取全部头部:
r.headers
返回:
{ 'content-encoding': 'gzip', 'transfer-encoding': 'chunked', 'connection': 'close', 'server': 'nginx/1.0.4', 'x-runtime': '148ms', 'etag': '"e1ca502697e5c9317743dc078f67693f"', 'content-type': 'application/json' }读取某一个头部字段:
r.headers['Content-Type']
r.headers.get('content-type')
得到响应中包含的一些Cookie:
>>> url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
>>> r = requests.get(url)
>>> r.cookies['example_cookie_name']
'example_cookie_value'
要想发送你的cookies到服务器,可以使用
cookies
参数:
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
>>> cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
>>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
>>> r.text
返回结果:
u'{\n "cookies": {\n "cookies_are": "working"\n }\n}\n'
默认情况下,除了 HEAD, Requests会自动处理所有重定向。
可以使用响应对象的 history
方法来追踪重定向。
>>> r = requests.get('http://github.com')
>>> r.url
'https://github.com/'
>>> r.status_code
200
>>> r.history
[]
如果你使用的是GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH 或者 DELETE,,那么你可以通过
allow_redirects
参数禁用重定向处理:
>>> r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False)
>>> r.status_code
301
>>> r.history
[]
如果你使用的是HEAD,你也可以启用重定向:
>>> r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True)
>>> r.url
'https://github.com/'
>>> r.history
[]