Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架，对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端，其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理，然后触发Flask框架，开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理，并返回给用户，如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时，需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理，即：将模板和数据进行渲染，将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件（虽然确实可以 ），也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此，Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。
默认情况下，Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证，或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而，Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能，如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的，但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。
pip3 install flask
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
@Request.application
def hello(request):
return Response('1111')
if __name__ == '__main__':
run_simple('127.0.0.1', 3000, hello) # hello函数被执行了，说明执行了第三个参数的__call__
一. 基本使用
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__) # 实例化Flask对象
@app.route('/') # 生成路由关系，保存到app的url_map字段中
def hello_world(): # 视图函数，保存在app的view_functions字段中
return 'Hello World!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run() # 启动程序，监听用户请求
二、配置文件
flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象（继承字典）,默认配置为：
{
'DEBUG': get_debug_flag(default=False), 是否开启Debug模式
'TESTING': False, 是否开启测试模式
'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS': None,
'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION': None,
'SECRET_KEY': None,
'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31),
'USE_X_SENDFILE': False,
'LOGGER_NAME': None,
'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY': 'always',
'SERVER_NAME': None,
'APPLICATION_ROOT': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME': 'session',
'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY': True,
'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE': False,
'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST': True,
'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH': None,
'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT': timedelta(hours=12),
'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS': False,
'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS': False,
'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING': False,
'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME': 'http',
'JSON_AS_ASCII': True,
'JSON_SORT_KEYS': True,
'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR': True,
'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE': 'application/json',
'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD': None,
}
方式一：
app.secret_key = ['12121sdas']
app.debug = True
方式二：
app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
如：
settings.py
DEBUG = True
app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
环境变量的值为python文件名称名称，内部调用from_pyfile方法
app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
JSON文件名称，必须是json格式，因为内部会执行json.loads
app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
字典格式
app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")
app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
settings.py
class Config(object):
DEBUG = False
TESTING = False
DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
class ProductionConfig(Config):
DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
DEBUG = True
class TestingConfig(Config):
TESTING = True
PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录，如果instance_relative_config为True，则就是instance_path目录
三、路由系统
- @app.route('/user/
') - @app.route('/post/
- @app.route('/post/
- @app.route('/post/
- @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
常用路由系统有以上五种，所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理：
DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
'default': UnicodeConverter,
'string': UnicodeConverter,
'any': AnyConverter,
'path': PathConverter,
'int': IntegerConverter,
'float': FloatConverter,
'uuid': UUIDConverter,
}
a.注册路由原理
def auth(func):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
print('before')
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print('after')
return result
return inner
@app.route('/index.html', methods=['GET', 'POST'], endpoint='index')
@auth
def index():
return 'Index'
或
def index():
return "Index"
self.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET", "POST"])
or
app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET", "POST"])
app.view_functions['index'] = index
或
def auth(func):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
print('before')
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print('after')
return result
return inner
class IndexView(views.View):
methods = ['GET']
decorators = [auth, ]
def dispatch_request(self):
print('Index')
return 'Index!'
app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint
或
class IndexView(views.MethodView):
methods = ['GET']
decorators = [auth, ]
def get(self):
return 'Index.GET'
def post(self):
return 'Index.POST'
app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint
@app.route和app.add_url_rule参数
：
rule, URL规则
view_func, 视图函数名称
defaults = None, 默认值, 当URL中无参数，函数需要参数时，使用defaults = {'k': 'v'}
为函数提供参数
endpoint = None, 名称，用于反向生成URL，即： url_for('名称')
methods = None, 允许的请求方式，如：["GET", "POST"]
strict_slashes = None, 对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求，
如：
@app.route('/index', strict_slashes=False)
，
访问
http: // www.xx.com / index / 或
http: // www.xx.com / index均可
@app.route('/index', strict_slashes=True)
仅访问
http: // www.xx.com / index
redirect_to = None, 重定向到指定地址
如：
@app.route('/index/', redirect_to='/home/')
或
def func(adapter, nid):
return "/home/888"
@app.route('/index/', redirect_to=func)
subdomain = None, 子域名访问
from flask import Flask, views, url_for
app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
@app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
def static_index():
"""Flask supports static subdomains
This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
return "static.your-domain.tld"
@app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="")
def username_index(username):
"""Dynamic subdomains are also supported
Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
return username + ".your-domain.tld"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
b. 自定制正则路由匹配
from flask import Flask, views, url_for
from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
"""
自定义URL匹配正则表达式
"""
def __init__(self, map, regex):
super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
self.regex = regex
def to_python(self, value):
"""
路由匹配时，匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
:param value:
:return:
"""
return int(value)
def to_url(self, value):
"""
使用url_for反向生成URL时，传递的参数经过该方法处理，返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
:param value:
:return:
"""
val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
return val
# 添加到flask中
app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
@app.route('/index/')
def index(nid):
print(url_for('index', nid='888'))
return 'Index'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
四、模板
1、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，所以其语法和Django无差别
2、自定义模板方法
Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似，创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template，如：
login.html
自定义函数
{{ww()|safe}}
run.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask,render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
def wupeiqi():
return 'Wupeiqi
'
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi)
app.run()
其他
Title
{% macro input(name, type='text', value='') %}
{% endmacro %}
{{ input('n1') }}
{% include 'tp.html' %}
asdf{{ v.k1}}
五、请求和响应
from flask import Flask
from flask import request
from flask import render_template
from flask import redirect
from flask import make_response
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
def login():
# 请求相关信息
# request.method
# request.args
# request.form
# request.values
# request.cookies
# request.headers
# request.path
# request.full_path
# request.script_root
# request.url
# request.base_url
# request.url_root
# request.host_url
# request.host
# request.files
# obj = request.files['the_file_name']
# obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
# 响应相关信息
# return "字符串"
# return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
# return redirect('/index.html')
# response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
# response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
# response.delete_cookie('key')
# response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
# return response
return "内容"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
六、Session
除请求对象之外，还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的，并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话，你需要设置一个密钥。
- 设置：session['username'] ＝ 'xxx'
- session.pop('username', None)
基本使用
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def index():
if 'username' in session:
return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])
return 'You are not logged in'
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
if request.method == 'POST':
session['username'] = request.form['username']
return redirect(url_for('index'))
return '''
'''
@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
# remove the username from the session if it's there
session.pop('username', None)
return redirect(url_for('index'))
# set the secret key. keep this really secret:
app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
自定义Session
pip3
install
Flask - Session
run.py
from flask import Flask
from flask import session
from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
@app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
def login():
print(session)
session['user1'] = 'alex'
session['user2'] = 'alex'
del session['user2']
return "内容"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
session.py
# !/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import uuid
import json
from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes
class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
self.sid = sid
self.initial = initial
super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)
def __getitem__(self, item):
return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)
def __delitem__(self, key):
super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)
class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
session_class = MySession
container = {}
def __init__(self):
import redis
self.redis = redis.Redis()
def _generate_sid(self):
return str(uuid.uuid4())
def _get_signer(self, app):
if not app.secret_key:
return None
return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
key_derivation='hmac')
def open_session(self, app, request):
"""
程序刚启动时执行，需要返回一个session对象
"""
sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
if not sid:
sid = self._generate_sid()
return self.session_class(sid=sid)
signer = self._get_signer(app)
try:
sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
except BadSignature:
sid = self._generate_sid()
return self.session_class(sid=sid)
# session保存在redis中
# val = self.redis.get(sid)
# session保存在内存中
val = self.container.get(sid)
if val is not None:
try:
data = json.loads(val)
return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
except:
return self.session_class(sid=sid)
return self.session_class(sid=sid)
def save_session(self, app, session, response):
"""
程序结束前执行，可以保存session中所有的值
如：
保存到resit
写入到用户cookie
"""
domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
val = json.dumps(dict(session))
# session保存在redis中
# self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
# session保存在内存中
self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)
session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))
response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
第三方session
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
pip3 install redis
pip3 install flask-session
"""
from flask import Flask, session, redirect
from flask.ext.session import Session
app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'asdfasdfasd'
app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
from redis import Redis
app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
Session(app)
@app.route('/login')
def login():
session['username'] = 'alex'
return redirect('/index')
@app.route('/index')
def index():
name = session['username']
return name
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
七、蓝图
蓝图用于为应用提供目录划分：
其他：
- 蓝图URL前缀：xxx = Blueprint('account', name,url_prefix='/xxx')
- 蓝图子域名：xxx = Blueprint('account', name,subdomain='admin')
- 前提需要给配置SERVER_NAME： app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
- 访问时：admin.wupeiqi.com:5000/login.html
八、message
message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合，其特点是：使用一次就删除。
from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request, get_flashed_messages
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
@app.route('/')
def index1():
messages = get_flashed_messages()
print(messages)
return "Index1"
@app.route('/set')
def index2():
v = request.args.get('p')
flash(v)
return 'ok'
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()
九、中间件
from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
@app.route('/')
def index1():
return render_template('index.html')
@app.route('/set')
def index2():
v = request.args.get('p')
flash(v)
return 'ok'
class MiddleWare:
def __init__(self,wsgi_app):
self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs)
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)
app.run(port=9999)
十、请求扩展
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask, Request, render_template
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.debug = True
@app.before_first_request
def before_first_request1():
print('before_first_request1')
@app.before_first_request
def before_first_request2():
print('before_first_request2')
@app.before_request
def before_request1():
Request.nnn = 123
print('before_request1')
@app.before_request
def before_request2():
print('before_request2')
@app.after_request
def after_request1(response):
print('before_request1', response)
return response
@app.after_request
def after_request2(response):
print('before_request2', response)
return response
@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_not_found(error):
return 'This page does not exist', 404
@app.template_global()
def sb(a1, a2):
return a1 + a2
@app.template_filter()
def db(a1, a2, a3):
return a1 + a2 + a3
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return render_template('hello.html')
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
调用方式：{{sb(1,2)}} {{ 1|db(2,3)}}
十一、Flask插件
- WTForms
- SQLAchemy
- 等... http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/