用十天时间跟着Eric学习了 American Accent Training 的精华,也算如愿了。除了以下十天的学习笔记,对我来说最大的收获之一就是发现了自己 New York 这个词一直读得不对。
Day 01 理清概念
1. 什么是口音 Accent: Intonation, Liaisons, Pronunciation, Voice quality
(1) Intonation (cadence): patterns
(2) Liaisons: word connection, rhythm
(3) Pronunciation: preference > science(很多单词不止一种念法,如 kilomete, interesting, often)
(4) Voice quality: pitch, placement (throaty*)(美式发音更集中在嗓子的位置,更靠后、更低沉)
*throaty: We create most of our sounds in the throat, using our tongue very actively
2. 误区:不是张大嘴,而是下巴往下沉;关注舌头和口腔空间
3. To-do
(1) deepen your voice
(2) lower your pitch
a higher pitch = stress/tension
the daddy voice = lower pitched
4. 同一个元音,可以通过控制,用鼻腔、嗓子和胸腔发音
5. 克服多余的鼻音,只有 /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ 时鼻子才动,把鼻音和元音分开
6. The Underlying Hum:词与词之间是连起来的;有个低沉的嗓音像是“背景音”衬在后面
7. 元音的长度不是固定的,会根据后面的辅音变化。例如sit/sid, right/ride 后者比前者长
8. /ʌ/和/ə/的发音基本是一样的,区别就是重读和弱读。例如but /bʌt/, /bət/
9. 语流更重要,不要单独练一个词
10. 先认真听,听到什么说什么
11. 在脑海中植入美音开关,让脑子里先有概念。每天练:
(1) Go to phrases: Bob got a water bottle, Sam sat back and laughed, Rory ran around.
(2) Run-up phrases: Well, you know, I was just thinking, and it kinda seems like, what do you think about...
(3) Tongue twister: Betty bought a bit of better butter.
12. 推荐 Rachel's English 讲 Placement 的视频
13. 作业点评:
My name is Sara. I'm taking American Accent Training. There's a lot to learn, but I hope to make it as enjoyable as possible. I should pick up on the American intonation pattern pretty easily, although the only way to get it is to practice all of the time.
(1) pretty easily = not so easy; pretty easily = easy(作业的重音应该在easily上)
(2) The only way to get it is to practice all
of
the time. get it is to 连起来不断句,all of the time 的of 可省
(3) 元音(尤其是双元音)发到位;慢下来,体会每一个音节
(4) 脑袋里有个模范的声音,先听在开口
(5) 态度和心态:谦虚,一直把自己当新手,永远不要 over-confidence
Day 02 全心全意(学习策略)
1. 充分准备、大量练习、接受紧张、玩的心态。Study hard. Speak easy.
2. 注意细节,寻求反馈
3. 慢下来,感受下巴、舌头、气息
4. 破守离,像婴儿一样学习
5. 每天练习,养成习惯,改变认知
6. 听到什么说什么 (Pure Mimicry);逐步练习
7. 7 Steps to a Perfect Accent (P14, CD1 Track 43)
8. 作业点评
It's not the duration, it's the consistency. I'm training my mouth, lips, tongue, and mind.
注意双元音/ei/ 和 /au/ 发到位,schwa 和 /i/ 要放松,列举时的语调;慢速和快速结合练
Day 03 美式发音
1. 注意事项
(1) 音标符号本身不重要
(2) 音准:不影响别人理解即可,不必追求绝对音准
(3) 音重和音长:sit, sid 和city / right和ride / back 和 bag 元音长度不固定,受是否重读和后面清浊辅音的影响
(4) 音位变体(allophone):speak, people
(5) 同化现象:last year(放在句子中练习)
2. 如何练习发音
(1) 捷径:练舌位,清楚每个音的位置和方式,使用镜子
(2) 参考资料:Rachel's English 视频
(3) 把英文当成英文,不要从中文找发音(例如/a/ /ai/);模仿老外说中文,英文中舌头的参与更多
(4) 注意最最常见的词(例如 in, on, happy, what, not, small, big, stop, wait, English, ear, year)
3. 大原则
(1) 元音是单词的灵魂,发音时没有阻碍。元音的关键:唇形、舌尖(永远放在下牙齿后面)
(2) 双元音一定要有移动的过程
(3) 辅音的分类:爆破方式、声带是否振动、是否动气;辅音的关键:送气程度、连读、发音位置
4. 发音的关键
(1) 单元音:/ʌ/, /ə/, /i:/, /i/, /u:/, /u/, /æ/
梅花音上颚不动,下巴向下 fat mat cat;练练Paris;对着 Siri 说 tell me a pun
(2) 双元音:/ai/, /ei/, /au/
(3) 辅音:
L:注意连读 LA, LOL, well-educated;/l/和/n/要分清
r:舌头哪里都不碰;宇宙最强音 green;chapter eight 连读
t:美音中的灵魂,/t/和/d/
鼻音:/m/ /n/ /ŋ/
th:夸张一些;有时发音会偏向/d/(帮助听力),例如 about that bass
5. 作业点评
I don't know what it means. But you said that you wouldn't.
模仿原声;know what 嘴型的位置接近,不需要重新启动
Day 04 语调训练 (1) 大原则
1. 语调的作用:传情达意(确定要表达什么,语调为思想服务)
2. 语调的难点:不唯一、不固定,只能掌握大原则;警惕母语的习惯(中文有四个声调),有意识地控制自己的语调
3. 如何学习语调:模仿(让脑袋里建立自然语调的概念)、总结(找到规律)、应用(套用练过的自然语调)
4. 少问为什么——践行;多问为什么——总结
5. 不确定的语调可以查 YouGlish, 人人词典
6. 不要一个词一个词地读,有意识地练习连读,建立音组的概念
7. 记住整句话的语调,模仿
8. 英文的节奏和中文不同
9. Staircase Intonation:读英文时找下台阶的感觉,再简单的词也可以分成两阶,例如no(P25)
10. 英文中的元音比习惯中的长,可以利用打节拍来找感觉
11. 高、长、响都可以改变语调,表示强调;而最常见的是改变音高(语调的本质)
12. 停顿的重要性,引起听众的注意,即将要说新的信息
13. 语调的最小单位是音节
14. 记住基本的节奏模式(P26 表格),解构听到的声音
15. 有意识地注意日常生活中最简单的词,比如 pdf, 213, LA, FBI
16. 建立基本的语调意识;在新的信息上变换语调来强调;有意识地进行连读
17. 英语语言的特点:能替代的就替代,频繁地使用代词。所以代词通常都是旧有信息,不需要强调
18. 强调不同的地方表示不同的意义
(1) 新信息:It sounds like rain.
(2) 观点:It sounds like rain, (but it's not.)
(3) 对比:He likes rain, but he hates snow.
(4) can 和 can't的区别:can't 常常重读;I can/can't do it.
19. 作业点评
先听,解构,模仿,找规律。
Day 05 语调训练 (2)
1. 注意词性不同发音不同的词:accent, project, rebel, suspect, separate, permit, perfect
2. 不确定重音在哪里就去查字典:
economy, economic, economist
academy, academic, academia
hypocrisy, hypocritical
analyze, analysis, analytic, analytical
origin, original, originate, origination
3. 重音位置
(1) Phrasal verb和名词: has been / has-been, back up / back-up
(2) 复合词的读法:描述性的词组 Descriptive phrases(white house 白色的房子)和专有名词 Set phrases(White House 白宫, bottle water 瓶装水, delivery man 快递员)
(3) 如果一个名词前面有两个形容词,相对重读第一个,而第二个用平调带过。例如 the elderly Texas millionaires; I want a large, red, bouncy rubber ball.
4. 作业点评
练习通过语调变化来表示强调,而不是加大音量;不要太夸张、拖长音
Day 06 断句和节奏(AAT CH7 CH9 CH22)
1. 按意群断句比连读、弱读更重要,通过停顿使表达更清楚,有时间调整呼吸,让说话更从容更优雅。Phrasing: take a hint
2. 语调的本质是改变音高,在每个意群最后一个实词的重读音节上变化音高
3. 反义疑问句的升调和降调
4. 断句的原则
(1) 遇到标点要停顿
(2) 当主语较长时,整个主词讲完要停顿
(3) 在连接词前面断句,如 and, or, but, however, as, if, though, although, when, in case 等
(4) 介系词前面停顿,如 on, in, to, into, by, over, though, down, up 等,of 前通常不停顿
(5) that子句或其他子句前停顿(that跟后面划分在一起,that弱读)
5. 语音进阶学习推荐:国立台湾大学外文系副教授史嘉琳
6. 中文是 syllable-timed,一句话的长度取决于音节的数量;英文是 stress-timed,一句话的长度取决于重音的数量,所以才有了连读、弱读、重音和节奏
7. forward/back chaining 的练习方法(CD 3 Track 21)
8. 腹式呼吸法(CD 3 Track 23):可以让气息更长
9. 作业点评(注意断句、重音、连读、弱读、气息)
The two elderly Texas millionaires were impressed by the sophisticated electronic eavesdropping equipment.
(1) 长音节单词的重音位置且不要丢音:eavesdropping, sophisticated, millionaires, equipment
(2) million /ˈmɪl jən/, millionaire /ˌmɪljəˈner/ 的发音
(3) Texas 区分 Taxi
Day 07 弱读 Reduction
1. the, a, an 的重读和弱读:the和a在非元音开头时重读也可以变音;an的弱读是/ən/
2. 弱读常常和连读同时出现,例如 Can I have an orange?
3. that 的重读、弱读和连读 (CD 3 Track 28)
4. to 的弱读:go to (/də/) work;easier to understand (CD 5 Track 16)
5. have to 的读法:同化 v-f;have 重读
6. at 的弱读:连读都可以前后,例如 one at a time /wənədə time/, I'm at school /aimə(t) school/
7. for 的弱读(/fər/)和重读(词尾):What did you get it for?
8. in 的弱读和连读 He's in America. What's in it,注意 in, English 的发音
9. an 和 and 的弱读和连读:and 弱读时常常去掉d,与an相同,前后可连读。 He got an A in English. With cream an
d
sugar
10. or 的弱读:sugar or milk, soup or salad, now or later, more or less, left or right
11. are 的弱读
12. your 的弱读:变成/jər/甚至/ja/
13. of 的发音、弱读和连读 /əv/可以直接将/v/drop掉,kind of /kindda/, a lot of /a lotta/, all of them
14. was 和 what 的弱读 /wz/ 和 /wt/, What did you mean? /w'j' mean/, What do you mean? /w'd'y' mean/
15. some 的弱读
You can fool some of the people some of the time, but you can't fool all of the people all of the time.
16. 弱读的要点
(1) 弱读很快,为了保证节奏
(2) 特殊情况下不能弱读,例如强调、词尾(for)
(3) 弱读前面无连读、弱读后面有连读
(4) 无需特别记忆,熟练最常见的弱读形式、句型,刻意练习
(5) 弱读和连读也分等级,例如 What're you doing?/What do you say? (讲连读和弱读的书 Whaddaya Say?)
17. 作业点评
The car that she ordered is red.
He said that he liked it.
Why did you do that?
I know that he'll read that book that I told you about.
(1) that 的弱读
(2) red 和 read 的发音
(3) ordered is 和 liked it 的连读
(4) do 的发音,与中文的“肚”不一样(Rachel's English 视频)
Day 08 连读
1. Pinpoint: Spoon or Sboon (CD3 Track51):不送气的p和不振动的b几乎是一样的,例如 bag, back
原因:为了更省力,当前面的字母声带振动时,后面的字母声带也振动,同理亦然。boon的b本来声带振动,由于在清辅音s后面,b也不振动了(清音化);而清辅音p在s后面送气减弱,所以二者听起来几乎一致。
to的弱读除了在句首都会变成声带振动的d,例如 He had to do it./He got to do it. 因为 had 的浊辅音 d 和 got 的元音 o 声带均振动,所以 to 的 t 声带也也振动,变成 d。
辅音的分类:发音方式;送气与否;声带是否振动
2. 推荐 How to teach English
3. 弱读和连读不分家
4. 连读的本质:保证节奏;让所有的音节黏在一起;发音位置相同或相近,为了省力而无需重新启动
5. 连读的练习方法:重新组合字母;多听多说,不必死记硬背;不是一定要连读
6. 连读的类型
(1) 辅音+元音:辅首元尾,重新组合;尤其注意 l, n, r,如 LA, nine o two, one eight, got an A, wherever
(2) 辅音+辅音:发音位置相同或相近时,前一个弱化,例如 late twice, I just didn't get the chance. (CD3 Track38)
(3) 元音+元音:加入润滑剂,不用重新启动,例如 go(w)away, I(j)also, appreci(j)ate, sci(j)ence
(4) 同化现象 (Assimilation):t+y, d+y, s+y, z+y 是最常见的同化,例如 did you, last year (CD3 Track44-46)
7. th的连读:和后面的音的位置二者折中,找到中间位置,更省力 (CD3 Track40)
8. 作业点评: (CD3 Track50)
Tell her that I love her.
(1) How's it going? / How about it? 不要重读 How
(2) call 的/ɔ/音不要噘嘴!!!
(3) banana 和 dance的发音,注意梅花音
Day 09 复习 (comb through) CH17-18
1. 单词中非重读位置的 /i/ 可以弱化成 schwa (CD5 Track15)
2. 时刻注意不要重读代词和句首的词 (jarring)
3. 任何一句话,都是很好的练习素材。学习其中的思路 To have a friend, be a friend. (CD4 Track56)
4. 用不同的情绪、语气练习同一句话,play with the sound,像“神经病”一样学习 (CD4 Track61-62)
5. 重读是有层次,多个重音相遇时,为了照顾节奏,隔字放重音 (CD5 Track1),例如 Good afternoon, Afternoon tea; fourteen, fourteen year
6. 绕口令(CD5 Track19)
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck, if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
How many cookies could a good cook cook, if a good cook tould cook cookies?
7. 作业 (CD5 Track6)
Ignorance on Parade
You say you don't know a proton from a crouton? Well, you're not the only one. A recent nationwide survey funded by the National Science Foundation shows that fewer than 6 percent of American adults can be called scientifically literate. The rest think that DNA is a food additive, Chernobyl is a ski resort, and radioactive milk can be made safe by boiling.
注意 food additive 和 radioactive milk 的重音
Day 10 复习
1. used to 的读音
(1) 表示过去经常做某事时s发/s/
(2) use 作动词表示使用的时候s发/z/,作名词时s发/s/
2. Be the second mouse.
Two little mice fell in a bucket of cream. The first mouse quickly gave up and drowned. The second mouse, wouldn't quit. He struggled so hard that eventually he churned that cream into butter and crawled out. Gentlemen, as of this moment. I am that second mouse.