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可靠的功能测试, 意味着在任何时候, 获取的测试结果均相同, 这就需要模拟(Mock)数据. 测试框架可以使用Android推荐的Espresso. 模拟数据可以使用Dagger2, 一种依赖注入框架.
Dagger2已经成为众多Android开发者的必备工具, 是一个快速的依赖注入框架，由Square开发，并针对Android做了特别优化, 已经被Google进行Fork开发. 不像其他的依赖注入器, Dagger2没有使用反射, 而是使用预生成代码, 提高执行速度.
单元测试通常会模拟所有依赖, 避免出现不可靠的情况, 而功能测试也可以这样做. 一个经典的例子是如何模拟稳定的网络数据, 可以使用Dagger2处理这种情况.
Talk is cheap! 我来讲解下如何实现.
本文源码的GitHub下载地址
1. 配置依赖环境
主要:
(1) Lambda表达式支持.
(2) Dagger2依赖注入框架.
(3) RxAndroid响应式编程框架.
(4) Retrofit2网络库框架.
(5) Espresso测试框架.
(6) DataBinding数据绑定支持.
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
classpath 'com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8'
}
}
// Lambda表达式
plugins {
id "me.tatarka.retrolambda" version "3.2.4"
}
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'com.neenbedankt.android-apt' // 注释处理
final BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION = '23.0.1'
android {
compileSdkVersion 23
buildToolsVersion "${BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION}"
defaultConfig {
applicationId "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo"
minSdkVersion 16
targetSdkVersion 23
versionCode 1
versionName "1.0"
testInstrumentationRunner "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo.runner.WeatherTestRunner"
}
buildTypes {
release {
minifyEnabled false
proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
}
}
// 注释冲突
packagingOptions {
exclude 'META-INF/services/javax.annotation.processing.Processor'
}
// 使用Java1.8
compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}
// 数据绑定
dataBinding {
enabled = true
}
}
final DAGGER_VERSION = '2.0.2'
final RETROFIT_VERSION = '2.0.0-beta2'
dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
// Warning:Conflict with dependency 'com.android.support:support-annotations'.
// Resolved versions for app (23.1.1) and test app (23.0.1) differ.
// See http://g.co/androidstudio/app-test-app-conflict for details.
compile "com.android.support:appcompat-v7:${BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION}" // 需要与BuildTools保持一致
compile 'com.jakewharton:butterknife:7.0.1' // 标注
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2
compile 'io.reactivex:rxandroid:1.1.0' // RxAndroid
compile 'io.reactivex:rxjava:1.1.0' // 推荐同时加载RxJava
compile "com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit网络处理
compile "com.squareup.retrofit:adapter-rxjava:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit的rx解析库
compile "com.squareup.retrofit:converter-gson:${RETROFIT_VERSION}" // Retrofit的gson库
compile 'com.squareup.okhttp:logging-interceptor:2.6.0' // 拦截器
// 测试的编译
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.4.1' // Android JUnit Runner
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:rules:0.4.1' // JUnit4 Rules
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.1' // Espresso core
provided 'javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0' // Java标注
}
Lambda表达式支持, 优雅整洁代码的关键.
// Lambda表达式
plugins {
id "me.tatarka.retrolambda" version "3.2.4"
}
android {
// 使用Java1.8
compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}
}
Dagger2依赖注入框架, 实现依赖注入. android-apt使用生成代码的插件.
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
classpath 'com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8'
}
}
apply plugin: 'com.neenbedankt.android-apt' // 注释处理
dependencies {
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:${DAGGER_VERSION}" // dagger2
provided 'javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0' // Java标注
}
测试, 在默认配置中添加Runner, 在依赖中添加espresso库.
android{
defaultConfig {
testInstrumentationRunner "clwang.chunyu.me.wcl_espresso_dagger_demo.runner.WeatherTestRunner"
}
}
dependencies {
testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
// 测试的编译
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.4.1' // Android JUnit Runner
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:rules:0.4.1' // JUnit4 Rules
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.1' // Espresso core
}
数据绑定
android{
// 数据绑定
dataBinding {
enabled = true
}
}
2. 设置项目
使用数据绑定, 实现了简单的搜索天功能.
/**
* 实现简单的查询天气的功能.
*
* @author wangchenlong
*/
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private ActivityMainBinding mBinding; // 数据绑定
private MenuItem mSearchItem; // 菜单项
private Subscription mSubscription; // 订阅
@Inject WeatherApiClient mWeatherApiClient; // 天气客户端
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
((WeatherApplication) getApplication()).getAppComponent().inject(this);
mBinding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this, R.layout.activity_main);
}
@Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_activity_main, menu); // 加载目录资源
mSearchItem = menu.findItem(R.id.menu_action_search);
tintSearchMenuItem();
initSearchView();
return true;
}
// 搜索项着色, 会覆盖基础颜色, 取交集.
private void tintSearchMenuItem() {
int color = ContextCompat.getColor(this, android.R.color.white); // 白色
mSearchItem.getIcon().setColorFilter(color, PorterDuff.Mode.SRC_IN); // 交集
}
// 搜索项初始化
private void initSearchView() {
SearchView searchView = (SearchView) MenuItemCompat.getActionView(mSearchItem);
searchView.setOnQueryTextListener(new SearchView.OnQueryTextListener() {
@Override public boolean onQueryTextSubmit(String query) {
MenuItemCompat.collapseActionView(mSearchItem);
loadWeatherData(query); // 加载查询数据
return true;
}
@Override public boolean onQueryTextChange(String newText) {
return false;
}
});
}
// 加载天气数据
private void loadWeatherData(String cityName) {
mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
mSubscription = mWeatherApiClient
.getWeatherForCity(cityName)
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
.subscribe(this::bindData, this::bindDataError);
}
// 绑定天气数据
private void bindData(WeatherData weatherData) {
mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
mBinding.weatherLayout.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
mBinding.setWeatherData(weatherData);
}
// 绑定数据失败
private void bindDataError(Throwable throwable) {
mBinding.progress.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
if (mSubscription != null) {
mSubscription.unsubscribe();
}
super.onDestroy();
}
}
数据绑定实现数据和显示分离, 解耦项目, 易于管理, 非常适合数据展示页面.
在layout中设置数据.
在代码中绑定数据.
mBinding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this, R.layout.activity_main);
mBinding.setWeatherData(weatherData);
搜索框的设置.
@Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_activity_main, menu); // 加载目录资源
mSearchItem = menu.findItem(R.id.menu_action_search);
tintSearchMenuItem();
initSearchView();
return true;
}
// 搜索项着色, 会覆盖基础颜色, 取交集.
private void tintSearchMenuItem() {
int color = ContextCompat.getColor(this, android.R.color.white); // 白色
mSearchItem.getIcon().setColorFilter(color, PorterDuff.Mode.SRC_IN); // 交集
}
// 搜索项初始化
private void initSearchView() {
SearchView searchView = (SearchView) MenuItemCompat.getActionView(mSearchItem);
searchView.setOnQueryTextListener(new SearchView.OnQueryTextListener() {
@Override public boolean onQueryTextSubmit(String query) {
MenuItemCompat.collapseActionView(mSearchItem);
loadWeatherData(query); // 加载查询数据
return true;
}
@Override public boolean onQueryTextChange(String newText) {
return false;
}
});
}
3. 功能测试
这一部分, 我会重点讲解.
既然使用Dagger2, 那么我们就来配置依赖注入.
三部曲: Module -> Component -> Application
Module, 使用模拟Api类, MockWeatherApiClient.
/**
* 测试App的Module, 提供AppContext, WeatherApiClient的模拟数据.
*
* Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16.
*/
@Module
public class TestAppModule {
private final Context mContext;
public TestAppModule(Context context) {
mContext = context.getApplicationContext();
}
@AppScope
@Provides
public Context provideAppContext() {
return mContext;
}
@Provides
public WeatherApiClient provideWeatherApiClient() {
return new MockWeatherApiClient();
}
}
Component, 注入MainActivityTest.
/**
* 测试组件, 添加TestAppModule
*
* Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16.
*/
@AppScope
@Component(modules = TestAppModule.class)
public interface TestAppComponent extends AppComponent {
void inject(MainActivityTest test);
}
Application, 继承非测试的Application(WeatherApplication), 设置测试组件, 重写获取组件的方法(getAppComponent).
/**
* 测试天气应用
*
* Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16.
*/
public class TestWeatherApplication extends WeatherApplication {
private TestAppComponent mTestAppComponent;
@Override public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
mTestAppComponent = DaggerTestAppComponent.builder()
.testAppModule(new TestAppModule(this))
.build();
}
// 组件
@Override
public TestAppComponent getAppComponent() {
return mTestAppComponent;
}
}
Mock数据类, 使用模拟数据创建Gson类, 延迟发送至监听接口.
/**
* 模拟天气Api客户端
*/
public class MockWeatherApiClient implements WeatherApiClient {
@Override public Observable getWeatherForCity(String cityName) {
// 获得模拟数据
WeatherData weatherData = new Gson().fromJson(TestData.MUNICH_WEATHER_DATA_JSON, WeatherData.class);
return Observable.just(weatherData).delay(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // 延迟时间
}
}
注册Application至TestRunner.
/**
* 更换Application, 设置TestRunner
*/
public class WeatherTestRunner extends AndroidJUnitRunner {
@Override
public Application newApplication(ClassLoader cl, String className, Context context) throws InstantiationException,
IllegalAccessException, ClassNotFoundException {
String testApplicationClassName = TestWeatherApplication.class.getCanonicalName();
return super.newApplication(cl, testApplicationClassName, context);
}
}
测试主类
/**
* 测试的Activity
*
* Created by wangchenlong on 16/1/16.
*/
@LargeTest
@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
public class MainActivityTest {
private static final String CITY_NAME = "Beijing"; // 因为我们使用测试接口, 设置任何都可以.
@Rule public ActivityTestRule activityTestRule = new ActivityTestRule<>(MainActivity.class);
@Inject WeatherApiClient weatherApiClient;
@Before
public void setUp() {
((TestWeatherApplication) activityTestRule.getActivity().getApplication()).getAppComponent().inject(this);
}
@Test
public void correctWeatherDataDisplayed() {
WeatherData weatherData = weatherApiClient.getWeatherForCity(CITY_NAME).toBlocking().first();
onView(withId(R.id.menu_action_search)).perform(click());
onView(withId(android.support.v7.appcompat.R.id.search_src_text)).perform(replaceText(CITY_NAME));
onView(withId(android.support.v7.appcompat.R.id.search_src_text)).perform(pressKey(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_ENTER));
onView(withId(R.id.city_name)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getCityName())));
onView(withId(R.id.weather_date)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherDate())));
onView(withId(R.id.weather_state)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherState())));
onView(withId(R.id.weather_description)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getWeatherDescription())));
onView(withId(R.id.temperature)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getTemperatureCelsius())));
onView(withId(R.id.humidity)).check(matches(withText(weatherData.getHumidity())));
}
}
ActivityTestRule设置MainActivity.class测试类.
setup设置依赖注入, 注入TestWeatherApplication的组件.
使用WeatherApiClient的数据, 模拟类的功能. 由于数据是预设的, 不论有无网络, 都可以进行可靠的功能测试.
执行测试, 右键点击MainActivityTest, 使用Run 'MainActivityTest'.
OK, that's all! Enjoy it!