9.1二分查找（Binary Search）

First Occurrence

给定一个排序好的数组和一个target value，找出target第一次出现的index
假设:
数组中可以有重复的元素。
实例:
a = 1, 2, 3 }，t＝2，返回1
a = { 1, 2, 3 }，t＝4，返回- 1
a = { 1, 2, 2，2, 3 }，t＝2，返回1

public class Solution {
  public int firstOccur(int[] arr, int target) {
    if(arr==null||arr.length==0)return-1;
    int left = 0;
    int right = arr.length-1;
    while(left

Last Occurrence

找出target最后一次出现的index，其他条件与上题一致

public class Solution {
  public int lastOccur(int[] arr, int target) {
    if(arr == null || arr.length==0)return -1;
    int left = 0;
    int right = arr.length-1;
    while(left

Closest In Sorted Array, 找到最接近target的index

Given a target integer T and an integer array A sorted in ascending order, find the index i in A such that A[i] is closest to T.
Assumptions:
There can be duplicate elements in the array, and we can return any of the indices with same value.
Examples:
A = {1, 2, 3}, T = 2, return 1
A = {1, 4, 6}, T = 3, return 1
A = {1, 4, 6}, T = 5, return 1 or 2
A = {1, 3, 3, 4}, T = 2, return 0 or 1 or 2

public class Solution {
  public int closest(int[] arr, int target) {
    if(arr==null||arr.length==0)return -1;
    int left = 0;
    int right = arr.length-1;
    while(left < right-1){
      int mid = left+(right-left)/2;
      if(arr[mid]==target)return mid;
      if(arr[mid]abs2?right:left;
  }
}
//物理意义：
//left <= target <= right 

Search In Sorted Matrix I

给定一个只包含整数的二维矩阵，每一行按升序排序。下一行的第一个元素大于（或等于）上一行的最后一个元素。
给定一个target，返回target位于矩阵中的index。如果target number不存在于矩阵中，返回{ - 1，- 1 }。
假设:
给定的矩阵不是空的，并且有n×m的大小，其中n>＝0和m>＝0。
实例：
矩阵= { {1, 2, 3 }，{ 4, 5, 7 }，{ 8, 9, 10 } }
目标= 7，返回{ 1, 2 }
目标= 6，返回{ - 1，- 1 }代表矩阵中不存在的目标数。

public class Solution {
  public int[] search(int[][] matrix, int target) {
    int[] res = {-1,-1};
    int left = 0;
    int m = matrix.length;
    int n = matrix[0].length;
    int right = m*n-1;
    while(left<=right){
      int mid = left+(right-left)/2;
      if(matrix[mid/n][mid%n] == target){
        res[0] = mid/n;
        res[1] = mid%n;
        return res;
      }
      if(target

K Closest In Sorted Array

Given a target integer T, a non-negative integer K and an integer array A sorted in ascending order, find the K closest numbers to T in A.
Assumptions
A is not null
K is guranteed to be >= 0 and K is guranteed to be <= A.length
Return
A size K integer array containing the K closest numbers(not indices) in A, sorted in ascending order by the difference between the number and T.
Examples
A = {1, 2, 3}, T = 2, K = 3, return {2, 1, 3} or {2, 3, 1}
A = {1, 4, 6, 8}, T = 3, K = 3, return {4, 1, 6}

public class Solution {
  //time:O(lgn+k); space:O(k);
  public int[] kClosest(int[] arr, int target, int k) {
    if(arr == null || arr.length == 0){
      return arr;
    }
    if( k == 0 ){
      return new int[0];
    }
    int[] result = new int[k];
    int left = largestSmallerEqual(arr, target);
    int right = left + 1;
    for(int i=0; i=arr.length || left>=0 && target-arr[left]<=arr[right]-target){
        result[i] = arr[left--];
      }else{
        result[i] = arr[right++];
      }
    }
    
    return result;
  }
  
  //O(lgn)
  private int largestSmallerEqual(int[] arr, int target){
    int left = 0;
    int right = arr.length-1;
    while ( left