Cold Observable 和 Hot Observable

Observable的分类

Observable 有 Cold 和 Hot 之分。

Cold Observable 和 Hot Observable_第1张图片
hot&cold observable.jpg

Hot Observable 无论有没有 Subscriber 订阅,事件始终都会发生。当 Hot Observable 有多个订阅者时,Hot Observable 与订阅者们的关系是一对多的关系,可以与多个订阅者共享信息。

然而,Cold Observable 只有 Subscriber 订阅时,才开始执行发射数据流的代码。并且 Cold Observable 和 Subscriber 只能是一对一的关系,当有多个不同的订阅者时,消息是重新完整发送的。也就是说对 Cold Observable 而言,有多个Subscriber的时候,他们各自的事件是独立的。

如果上面的解释有点枯燥的话,那么下面会更加形象地说明 Cold 和 Hot 的区别:

Think of a hot Observable as a radio station. All of the listeners that are listening to it at this moment listen to the same song.
A cold Observable is a music CD. Many people can buy it and listen to it independently.
by Nickolay Tsvetinov

Cold Observable

Observable 的 just、creat、range、fromXXX 等操作符都能生成Cold Observable。

        Consumer subscriber1 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("subscriber1: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Consumer subscriber2 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("   subscriber2: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Observable observable = Observable.create(new ObservableOnSubscribe() {
            @Override
            public void subscribe(@NonNull ObservableEmitter e) throws Exception {
                Observable.interval(10, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,Schedulers.computation())
                        .take(Integer.MAX_VALUE)
                        .subscribe(e::onNext);
            }
        }).observeOn(Schedulers.newThread());

        observable.subscribe(subscriber1);
        observable.subscribe(subscriber2);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(100L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

执行结果:

subscriber1: 0
   subscriber2: 0
subscriber1: 1
   subscriber2: 1
subscriber1: 2
   subscriber2: 2
   subscriber2: 3
subscriber1: 3
subscriber1: 4
   subscriber2: 4
   subscriber2: 5
subscriber1: 5
subscriber1: 6
   subscriber2: 6
subscriber1: 7
   subscriber2: 7
subscriber1: 8
   subscriber2: 8
subscriber1: 9
   subscriber2: 9

可以看出,subscriber1 和 subscriber2 的结果并不一定是相同的,二者是完全独立的。

尽管 Cold Observable 很好,但是对于某些事件不确定何时发生以及不确定 Observable 发射的元素数量,那还得使用 Hot Observable。比如:UI交互的事件、网络环境的变化、地理位置的变化、服务器推送消息的到达等等。

Cold Observable 如何转换成 Hot Observable?

1. 使用publish,生成 ConnectableObservable

使用 publish 操作符,可以让 Cold Observable 转换成 Hot Observable。它将原先的 Observable 转换成 ConnectableObservable。

来看看刚才的例子:

        Consumer subscriber1 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("subscriber1: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Consumer subscriber2 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("   subscriber2: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Consumer subscriber3 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("      subscriber3: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        ConnectableObservable observable = Observable.create(new ObservableOnSubscribe() {
            @Override
            public void subscribe(@NonNull ObservableEmitter e) throws Exception {
                Observable.interval(10, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,Schedulers.computation())
                        .take(Integer.MAX_VALUE)
                        .subscribe(e::onNext);
            }
        }).observeOn(Schedulers.newThread()).publish();
        observable.connect();

        observable.subscribe(subscriber1);
        observable.subscribe(subscriber2);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(20L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        observable.subscribe(subscriber3);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(100L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

注意,生成的 ConnectableObservable 需要调用connect()才能真正执行。

执行结果:

subscriber1: 0
   subscriber2: 0
subscriber1: 1
   subscriber2: 1
subscriber1: 2
   subscriber2: 2
      subscriber3: 2
subscriber1: 3
   subscriber2: 3
      subscriber3: 3
subscriber1: 4
   subscriber2: 4
      subscriber3: 4
subscriber1: 5
   subscriber2: 5
      subscriber3: 5
subscriber1: 6
   subscriber2: 6
      subscriber3: 6
subscriber1: 7
   subscriber2: 7
      subscriber3: 7
subscriber1: 8
   subscriber2: 8
      subscriber3: 8
subscriber1: 9
   subscriber2: 9
      subscriber3: 9
subscriber1: 10
   subscriber2: 10
      subscriber3: 10
subscriber1: 11
   subscriber2: 11
      subscriber3: 11

可以看到,多个订阅的 Subscriber 共享同一事件。
在这里,ConnectableObservable 是线程安全的。

2. 使用Subject/Processor

Subject 和 Processor 的作用是相同的。Processor 是 RxJava2.x 新增的类,继承自 Flowable 支持背压控制。而 Subject 则不支持背压控制。

        Consumer subscriber1 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("subscriber1: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Consumer subscriber2 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("   subscriber2: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Consumer subscriber3 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("      subscriber3: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Observable observable = Observable.create(new ObservableOnSubscribe() {
            @Override
            public void subscribe(@NonNull ObservableEmitter e) throws Exception {
                Observable.interval(10, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,Schedulers.computation())
                        .take(Integer.MAX_VALUE)
                        .subscribe(e::onNext);
            }
        }).observeOn(Schedulers.newThread());

        PublishSubject subject = PublishSubject.create();
        observable.subscribe(subject);

        subject.subscribe(subscriber1);
        subject.subscribe(subscriber2);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(20L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        subject.subscribe(subscriber3);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(100L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

执行结果跟上面使用 publish 操作符是一样的。

Subject 既是 Observable 又是 Observer(Subscriber)。这一点可以从 Subject 的源码上看到。

import io.reactivex.*;
import io.reactivex.annotations.*;

/**
 * Represents an Observer and an Observable at the same time, allowing
 * multicasting events from a single source to multiple child Subscribers.
 * 

All methods except the onSubscribe, onNext, onError and onComplete are thread-safe. * Use {@link #toSerialized()} to make these methods thread-safe as well. * * @param the item value type */ public abstract class Subject extends Observable implements Observer { /** * Returns true if the subject has any Observers. *

The method is thread-safe. * @return true if the subject has any Observers */ public abstract boolean hasObservers(); /** * Returns true if the subject has reached a terminal state through an error event. *

The method is thread-safe. * @return true if the subject has reached a terminal state through an error event * @see #getThrowable() * &see {@link #hasComplete()} */ public abstract boolean hasThrowable(); /** * Returns true if the subject has reached a terminal state through a complete event. *

The method is thread-safe. * @return true if the subject has reached a terminal state through a complete event * @see #hasThrowable() */ public abstract boolean hasComplete(); /** * Returns the error that caused the Subject to terminate or null if the Subject * hasn't terminated yet. *

The method is thread-safe. * @return the error that caused the Subject to terminate or null if the Subject * hasn't terminated yet */ @Nullable public abstract Throwable getThrowable(); /** * Wraps this Subject and serializes the calls to the onSubscribe, onNext, onError and * onComplete methods, making them thread-safe. *

The method is thread-safe. * @return the wrapped and serialized subject */ @NonNull public final Subject toSerialized() { if (this instanceof SerializedSubject) { return this; } return new SerializedSubject(this); } }

当 Subject 作为 Subscriber 时,它可以订阅目标 Cold Observable 使对方开始发送事件。同时它又作为Observable 转发或者发送新的事件,让 Cold Observable 借助 Subject 转换为 Hot Observable。

注意,Subject 并不是线程安全的,如果想要其线程安全需要调用toSerialized()方法。(在RxJava1.x的时代还可以用 SerializedSubject 代替 Subject,但是在RxJava2.x以后SerializedSubject不再是一个public class)
然而,很多基于 EventBus 改造的 RxBus 并没有这么做,包括我以前也写过这样的 RxBus :( 。这样的做法是非常危险的,因为会遇到并发的情况。

Hot Observable 如何转换成 Cold Observable?

1. ConnectableObservable的refCount操作符

reactivex官网的解释是

make a Connectable Observable behave like an ordinary Observable

Cold Observable 和 Hot Observable_第2张图片
RefCount.png

RefCount操作符把从一个可连接的 Observable 连接和断开的过程自动化了。它操作一个可连接的Observable,返回一个普通的Observable。当第一个订阅者订阅这个Observable时,RefCount连接到下层的可连接Observable。RefCount跟踪有多少个观察者订阅它,直到最后一个观察者完成才断开与下层可连接Observable的连接。

如果所有的订阅者都取消订阅了,则数据流停止。如果重新订阅则重新开始数据流。

        Consumer subscriber1 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("subscriber1: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Consumer subscriber2 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("   subscriber2: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        ConnectableObservable connectableObservable = Observable.create(new ObservableOnSubscribe() {
            @Override
            public void subscribe(@NonNull ObservableEmitter e) throws Exception {
                Observable.interval(10, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,Schedulers.computation())
                        .take(Integer.MAX_VALUE)
                        .subscribe(e::onNext);
            }
        }).observeOn(Schedulers.newThread()).publish();
        connectableObservable.connect();

        Observable observable = connectableObservable.refCount();

        Disposable disposable1 = observable.subscribe(subscriber1);
        Disposable disposable2 = observable.subscribe(subscriber2);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(20L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        disposable1.dispose();
        disposable2.dispose();

        System.out.println("重新开始数据流");

        disposable1 = observable.subscribe(subscriber1);
        disposable2 = observable.subscribe(subscriber2);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(20L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

执行结果:

subscriber1: 0
   subscriber2: 0
subscriber1: 1
   subscriber2: 1
重新开始数据流
subscriber1: 0
   subscriber2: 0
subscriber1: 1
   subscriber2: 1

如果不是所有的订阅者都取消了订阅,只取消了部分。部分的订阅者重新开始订阅,则不会从头开始数据流。

        Consumer subscriber1 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("subscriber1: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Consumer subscriber2 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("   subscriber2: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        Consumer subscriber3 = new Consumer() {
            @Override
            public void accept(@NonNull Long aLong) throws Exception {
                System.out.println("      subscriber3: "+aLong);
            }
        };

        ConnectableObservable connectableObservable = Observable.create(new ObservableOnSubscribe() {
            @Override
            public void subscribe(@NonNull ObservableEmitter e) throws Exception {
                Observable.interval(10, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,Schedulers.computation())
                        .take(Integer.MAX_VALUE)
                        .subscribe(e::onNext);
            }
        }).observeOn(Schedulers.newThread()).publish();
        connectableObservable.connect();

        Observable observable = connectableObservable.refCount();

        Disposable disposable1 = observable.subscribe(subscriber1);
        Disposable disposable2 = observable.subscribe(subscriber2);
        observable.subscribe(subscriber3);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(20L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        disposable1.dispose();
        disposable2.dispose();

        System.out.println("subscriber1、subscriber2 重新订阅");

        disposable1 = observable.subscribe(subscriber1);
        disposable2 = observable.subscribe(subscriber2);

        try {
            Thread.sleep(20L);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

执行结果:

subscriber1: 0
   subscriber2: 0
      subscriber3: 0
subscriber1: 1
   subscriber2: 1
      subscriber3: 1
subscriber1、subscriber2 重新订阅
      subscriber3: 2
subscriber1: 2
   subscriber2: 2
      subscriber3: 3
subscriber1: 3
   subscriber2: 3
      subscriber3: 4
subscriber1: 4
   subscriber2: 4

在这里,subscriber1和subscriber2先取消了订阅,subscriber3并没有取消订阅。之后,subscriber1和subscriber2又重新订阅。最终subscriber1、subscriber2、subscriber3的值保持一致。

2. Observable的share操作符

share操作符封装了publish().refCount()调用,可以看其源码。

    /**
     * Returns a new {@link ObservableSource} that multicasts (shares) the original {@link ObservableSource}. As long as
     * there is at least one {@link Observer} this {@link ObservableSource} will be subscribed and emitting data.
     * When all subscribers have disposed it will dispose the source {@link ObservableSource}.
     * 

* This is an alias for {@link #publish()}.{@link ConnectableObservable#refCount()}. *

* ![](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/2613397-81dcef165b69aca2.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240) *

*
Scheduler:
*
{@code share} does not operate by default on a particular {@link Scheduler}.
*
* * @return an {@code ObservableSource} that upon connection causes the source {@code ObservableSource} to emit items * to its {@link Observer}s * @see ReactiveX operators documentation: RefCount */ @CheckReturnValue @SchedulerSupport(SchedulerSupport.NONE) public final Observable share() { return publish().refCount(); }

总结

理解了 Hot Observable 和 Cold Observable 的区别才能够写出更好Rx代码。同理,也能理解Hot & Cold Flowable。再者,在其他语言的Rx版本中包括 RxSwift、RxJS 等也存在 Hot Observable 和 Cold Observable 这样的概念。

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