（1）deflection：
n.
1
a twist or aberration; especially a perverse or abnormal way of judging or acting
2
the amount by which a propagating wave is bent
3
the movement of the pointer or pen of a measuring instrument from its zero position
例句:The pointer has a deflection from its orginal place.
（2）geocentric
adj.
1
having the earth as the center
例句：Long time ago，many people held an geocentric outlook on the universe.
（3）phlogiston
n.
1
a hypothetical substance once believed to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning.
例句：People alway have a misunderstanding of phlogiston.
（4）aether
n.
1
personification of the sky or upper air breathed by the Olympians; son of Erebus and night or of Chaos and darkness
2
a medium that was once supposed to fill all space and to support the propagation of electromagnetic waves.
例句：Aether is a commonly known chemical substance.
（5）apparatus
n.
1
equipment designed to serve a specific function
2
(anatomy) a group of body parts that work together to perform a given function
例句：Some work only could be finished with the specific apparatus.
（6）cathode
n.
1
a negatively charged electrode that is the source of electrons entering an electrical device
2
the positively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current
例句：You should know which end is the cathode of the battery.
（7）supernova
n.
1
a star that explodes and becomes extremely luminous in the process
例句：The discovery of supernova is the achievement of astronomical observation.
（8）caliphate
n.
1
the era of Islam's ascendancy from the death of Mohammed until the 13th century; some Moslems still maintain that the Moslem world must always have a calif as head of the community
2
the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph
3
the office of a caliph
例句：Caliphate refers to the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph.
（9）astrolabe
n.
1
an early form of sextant
例句: Astrolabe is a device used to observe planets and stars.
（10）ground-breaking
adj.
1
being or producing something like nothing done or experienced or created before
例句:What he has done is ground-breaking.
（11）genome
n.
1
the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism
例句:Genome determines characteristics of
people.
（12）stratum
n.
1
one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)
2
an abstract place usually conceived as having depth
例句:A community consists of different strata.
（13）paleontology
n.
1
the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains
例句:We know little about paleontology.
（14）untutored
adj.
1
lacking in schooling
例句:He is illiterate because he was untutored when he was a child.
（15）daunting
adj.
1
discouraging through fear
例句:The failure in the competition is really daunting to him.
（16）leap-frogging
abstract:
1
In infantry tactics, leapfrogging (also called The Buddy System) is a technique for advancing personnel and/or equipment on or past a target area being defended by an opposing force.
例句：The progress he made is obvious and leap-frogging.
（17）bodily
adj.
1
of or relating to or belonging to the body
a bodily organ ; bodily functions
2
affecting or characteristic of the body as opposed to the mind or spirit
3
having or relating to a physical material body
adv.
1
in bodily form
例句：we must experience it bodily.
（18）artillery
n.
1
large but transportable armament
例句：Artillery is always used in wars.
（19）relentless
adj.
1
not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty
2
never-ceasing
例句：He did nothing but giving relentless
complaining.
（20）alpha
n.
1
the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
2
the beginning of a series or sequence
例句：We can see alpha used in the math class sometimes.