content:
上:
1.property动态属性
2.__getattr__和__setattr__的区别和在属性查找中的作用
3.属性描述符 和属性查找过程
4.__new__和__init__的区别
下:
5.什么是元类和自定义元类
6.用元类实现orm
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五.什么是元类和自定义元类
1.什么是元类
在理解元类的时候,需要具备对python中类和实例的创建的概念有所了解,需要复习该系列的3中的类和对象那一章。了解类的创建、实例的创建、type和父类的继承顺序等。
在类的相关章节中也提到了,元类就是类的类。也就是元类就是负责创建类的一种东西。可以理解为,元类就是负责生成类的。而 type 就是内建的元类。也就是 Python 自带的元类。
2.如何自定义使用元类
a.模拟python中动态创建类
既然我们知道python中一切皆对象,类也是,所以类也是可以被创建的,那么我们自己是新一个传入类名,并且动态生成类的方法:
传入类名,在create_class中返回同名字的类名。
b.用type来更加灵活的创建类
但是实际上在a中创建类还是比较蠢的。要在方法中去一个个判断名字。
- 用type来动态创建类:
直接输入类名,就可以返回一个类。后面的参数要求:必须传递第一个参数,为类。并且传递进去的函数不加括号,为直接的函数对象。
这样的类就像是class User: pass 没有自定义的属性和方法。
- 创建传递类的属性和方法:
- 继承父类
3.metaclass
六. 实现简易django的orm
1.想要实现的效果
什么是orm?
即Object-Relationl Mapping,它的作用是在关系型数据库和对象之间作一个映射,这样,我们在具体的操作数据库的时候,就不需要再去和复杂的SQL语句打交道,只要像平时操作对象一样操作它就可以了 。
具体的orm和django这种web框架的orm的设计自行查找资料哦~
我们想要实现类似于django中建立表对应的类的方法:
2.整个实现步骤
a.首先 IntField需要进行初始化、实现对参数进行检查。让InterField称为int属性描述符。同理,Charfield也是。
class InterField: def __init__(self,value,min_length=None,max_length=None): self._value=value self._min_value=min_length self._max_value=max_length if self._min_value is not None: if not isinstance(self._min_value,numbers.Integral): raise ValueError("Value Must be Intergral") elif self._min_value < 0: raise ValueError("Value Must large than 0") if self._max_value is not None: if not isinstance(self._max_value,numbers.Integral): raise ValueError("Value must be Intergral") elif self._max_value <0 : raise ValueError("Value must large than 0") if self.max_length < min_length: raise ValueError("Max must large than min ") def __get__(self, instance, owner): return self._value def __set__(self, instance, value): if not isinstance(value,numbers.Integral): raise ValueError("Not intergral") self._value=value
class CharField: def __init__(self,db_column,value,max_length=None): self._value=value self.db_column=db_column self._max_length=max_length if not max_length: raise ValueError("You must special the charfield length") def __get__(self, instance, owner): return self._value def __set__(self, instance, value): self._value=value if len(value) > self._max_length: raise ValueError("Value's length must less than max length")
b.定义元类来设置特定的属性和方法
class ModelBase(type): """Metaclass for all models.""" def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs): super_new = super().__new__ # Also ensure initialization is only performed for subclasses of Model # (excluding Model class itself). parents = [b for b in bases if isinstance(b, ModelBase)] if not parents: return super_new(cls, name, bases, attrs) # Create the class. module = attrs.pop('__module__') new_attrs = {'__module__': module} classcell = attrs.pop('__classcell__', None) if classcell is not None: new_attrs['__classcell__'] = classcell attr_meta = attrs.pop('Meta', None) # Pass all attrs without a (Django-specific) contribute_to_class() # method to type.__new__() so that they're properly initialized # (i.e. __set_name__()). contributable_attrs = {} for obj_name, obj in list(attrs.items()): if _has_contribute_to_class(obj): contributable_attrs[obj_name] = obj else: new_attrs[obj_name] = obj new_class = super_new(cls, name, bases, new_attrs, **kwargs) abstract = getattr(attr_meta, 'abstract', False) meta = attr_meta or getattr(new_class, 'Meta', None) base_meta = getattr(new_class, '_meta', None) app_label = None # Look for an application configuration to attach the model to. app_config = apps.get_containing_app_config(module) if getattr(meta, 'app_label', None) is None: if app_config is None: if not abstract: raise RuntimeError( "Model class %s.%s doesn't declare an explicit " "app_label and isn't in an application in " "INSTALLED_APPS." % (module, name) ) else: app_label = app_config.label ......
class Field: pass class ModelMetaClass(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs): fields=dict() for key,value in attrs.items(): if isinstance(value,Field): fields[key]=value attrs_meta=attrs.get("Meta",None) _meta={} db_table=name.lower() if attrs_meta is not None: table=getattr(attrs_meta,"db_table",None) if table is not None: db_table=table attrs["db_table"]=db_table attrs["_meta"]=attrs_meta attrs["fields"]=fields del fields["Meta"] return super().__new__(cls,name, bases, attrs,**kwargs)
debug之后的效果:
c.定义User类的父类
import numbers class Field: pass class InterField(Field): def __init__(self,db_column=None,min_value=None,max_value=None): self._min_value=min_value self._max_value=max_value self.db_column=db_column if self._min_value is not None: if not isinstance(self._min_value,numbers.Integral): raise ValueError("Value Must be Intergral") elif self._min_value < 0: raise ValueError("Value Must large than 0") if self._max_value is not None: if not isinstance(self._max_value,numbers.Integral): raise ValueError("Value must be Intergral") elif self._max_value <0 : raise ValueError("Value must large than 0") if max_value < min_value: raise ValueError("Max must large than min ") def __get__(self, instance, owner): return self._value def __set__(self, instance, value): if not isinstance(value,numbers.Integral): raise ValueError("Not intergral") self._value=value class CharField(Field): def __init__(self,db_column=None,max_length=None): self.db_column=db_column self._max_length=max_length if not max_length: raise ValueError("You must special the charfield length") def __get__(self, instance, owner): return self._value def __set__(self, instance, value): self._value=value if len(value) > self._max_length: raise ValueError("Value's length must less than max length") class ModelMetaClass(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs): if name=="BaseModel": super().__new__(cls,name,bases,attrs,**kwargs) fields=dict() for key,value in attrs.items(): if isinstance(value,Field): fields[key]=value attrs_meta=attrs.get("Meta",None) _meta={} db_table=name.lower() if attrs_meta is not None: table=getattr(attrs_meta,"db_table",None) if table is not None: db_table=table attrs["db_table"]=db_table attrs["_meta"]=attrs_meta attrs["fields"]=fields if attrs_meta: del attrs["Meta"] return super().__new__(cls,name, bases, attrs,**kwargs) class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMetaClass): def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): for key,value in kwargs.items(): setattr(self,key,value) return super().__init__() def save(self): fields=[] values=[] for key,value in self.fields.items(): db_column=value.db_column if db_column is None: db_column=key.lower() fields.append(db_column) value=getattr(self,key) values.append(str(value)) sql = "insert {db_table}({fields}) value({values})".format(db_table=self._meta.db_table,fields=",".join(fields),values=",".join(values)) pass class User(ModelBase): name=CharField(max_length=10) age=InterField(min_value=0,max_value=100) class Meta: db_table="user" def _test(self): print("_test:",self.age) if __name__=="__main__": user=User() user.name="bobby" user.age=23 user._test() user.save()