INFLATION&EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE（宇宙暴胀和膨胀）

very early universe inflation（极早期宇宙暴胀）

The period of inflation began 10^-36 seconds after the big bang and lasted between 10^-33 and 10^-32 seconds after the big bang.
暴胀时期在大爆炸后10⁻³⁶ 秒开始，持续到大爆炸后10^-33 至10⁻³²秒之间。
The universe expanded at least 10²⁶ times during the inflationary phase
宇宙在暴胀阶段至少膨胀了10²⁶倍。
what is this concept? If we assume that the universe's diameter is only one meter before inflation, then in this short time the universe expands to a size of at least 10²⁶ meters in diameter. about 23 billion light years, and our solar system's diameter has no more than two light years , galactic system's diameter is only about 100,000 light years.
这是什么概念呢？如果假设宇宙在暴胀前直径只有一米，那么在这短短的时间里宇宙就扩张成了直径至少10²⁶米，约为二百三十亿光年的规模，而我们的太阳系直径最多只有两光年，银河系也只有约十万光年。

宇宙可能的几何形状

The inflation of the universe largely affects the shape of the universe. From the general theory of relativity, scientists have inferred a critical density.When , the shape of the universe is flat;When , the shape of the universe is open;When , the shape of the universe is closed.
宇宙暴胀很大程度上影响了宇宙的形状。由广义相对论，科学家推断出了一个临界质量密度 。 宇宙的形状为扁平态； 宇宙的形状为开放态； 宇宙的形状为封闭态。
The early inflation of the universe caused the mass density of the universe to drop drastically. The current mainstream view is that the universe is a flat shape, dark matter and dark energy account for 95% of the mass of the universe
而宇宙早期的暴胀使得宇宙的质量密度急剧地下降，现在的主流观点认为，宇宙是扁平状的形状，暗物质和暗能量占宇宙质量的95%。

Accelerated expansion of the universe（宇宙加速膨胀）

Between 1912 and 1922, American astronomer Visto Shriver observed the spectrum of 41 galaxies and found that the spectrum of 36 of them was red-shifted. He believe that this phenomenon means that these galaxies are moving away from the Earth.
1912年到1922年间，美国天文学家维斯托·斯里弗观测了41个星系的光谱，发现其中的36个星系的光谱发生红移，他认为这种现象意味着这些星系正在远离地球。
In 1927, the Belgian astronomer George Lemet calculated a solution to the Einstein field equation and found that the universe was constantly expanding.
1927年，比利时天文学家乔治·勒梅特计算出爱因斯坦场方程的一个解，发现宇宙在不断地膨胀。
In 1929, American astronomer Hubble published his observations: The farther away from the Milky Way, the faster the galaxies retreat.
1929年，美国天文学家哈勃发表其观测结果：距离银河系越远的星系退行越快。
Hubble–Lemaître law:
哈勃–勒梅特定律：
is Hubble constant,D is distance between the galaxy and the observer.Hubble–Lemaître law is say:the apparent retreat speed of the extragalactic galaxies is proportional to the distance, that is, the farther the distance is, the higher the viewing speed.
是哈勃常数,D与观察者之间的距离。哈勃–勒梅特定律在说，河外星系的视向退行速度与距离成正比，即距离越远，视向速度越大。
What needs to be explained here is that this speed can be arbitrarily large. This is because this speed is not the running speed of the object, but the expansion speed of the space.
这里需要说明的是，这个速度是可以任意大的，这是因为这个速度并不是物体的运行速度，而是空间的膨胀速度。
It can be understood that the overall distance increases as becomes larger.Therefore, this speed is negligible for the object in it, that is, the small scale, regardless of whether or not the speed of light exceeds.
可以理解为整体距离随着增加而增加。因此这个速度对处于其中的物体，也就是小尺度来说，是微乎其微的，无需考虑是否超光速。
It is easy to think that if the galaxy's retreat is faster than the speed of light, then we will never see the light from this galaxy, and the galaxy will never be able to make any connection with us.
容易想到的是，如果星系的退行速度大于光速，那么我们将永远无法看到这个星系发出的光，这个星系事实上将永远无法和我们产生任何联系。
If we divide the speed of light by the Hubble constant, we can calculate how far away from our planet, the speed of the galaxy's retreat reaches the speed of light.
我们如果用光速除以哈勃常数，就可计算出距我们地球多远距离时，星系的退行速度就达到光速了。
The distance calculated is 13.29 billion light years, that is, the expansion speed of the space outside the earth at 13.29 billion light years is superluminal.
经计算这个距离为132.9亿光年，也就是说，距地在132.9亿光年以外的宇宙空间的膨胀速度是超光速的。

Observable Universe

The observable universe is a sphere of space centered on the observer, small enough for the observer to observe objects within the range, that is, the light emitted by the object has enough time to reach the observer.
可观测宇宙是一个以观测者作为中心的球体空间，小得足以让观测者观测到该范围内的物体，也就是说物体发出的光有足够时间到达观测者。
With the above conclusions, some people may think that the observable universe radius is only 13 billion light years, but in fact, due to the expansion of the universe, in the early universe, some of the galaxies are located within the radius of the observable universe, as the universe expands,more and more galaxies will thus have extremely high redshift values, which gradually disappear from the line of sight and eventually become unobservable. We have also counted these galaxies in the observable universe, so we now speculate that the observable universe has a radius of about 46.5 billion light years and a diameter of about 93 billion light years.
有上述结论，可能会有人认为可观测宇宙半径只有130多亿光年，但是，事实上，由于宇宙膨胀，在宇宙早期，有一部分星系是位于可观测宇宙半径内的，随着宇宙的不断膨胀，越来越多的星系会因而具有极高的红移值，它们渐渐地从视线中消失，最终变成不可观测。我们把这些星系也算在可观测宇宙了，因此现在推测可观测宇宙半径约为465亿光年，直径约为930亿光年。
Assuming that the universe will continue to expand, the distance of the future horizon will be calculated as a gap of 19 billion seconds (62 billion light years). This means that in theory we can observe the number of star coefficients in the infinite time in the future is the number of current observable galaxies multiplied by a factor of 2.36.
假设宇宙将一直持续膨胀下去，未来视界的同移距离经计算为190亿秒差距（620亿光年）。这意味著在理论上我们在未来无限时间内可观测的星系数量是当前可观测星系的数量乘以系数2.36。
We can't know anything that has no causal relationship with us, but some scientists speculate that the size of the universe is at least 3x10²³ times larger than the observable universe.
我们不可能知道任何与我们没有因果关系的事物，但是一些科学家推测，整个宇宙的大小至少比可观测宇宙大3x10²³倍。