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Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

①As is universally acknowledged, it is by no means easy to study abroad ② since you could come across a list of unexpected difficulties and setbacks which you cannot imagine before going abroad.
③First of all, the top challenge is the culture shock, which means you may not adapt to the exotic life during the first few days or even months.
④ secondly, the language barrier could be a nightmare for many foreign students who possess poor mastery of the official language of the country where they study.
⑤ Last but not least, you could be overwhelmed by the academic requirements if you are not well prepared. Long lists of reference books, numerous projects, papers and professors with varying personalities could wear you out.
⑥ Despite all these terrifying challenges, you will finally manage to come through this “dark age” with your hard work, persistence and endurance. And then a bright future will await you.

2018.06（第二套）

Section A

Have you ever used email to apologize to a colleague? Delivered a 26 to a subordinate（下属）with a voice-mail message? Flown by plane across the country just to deliver important news in person? The various communication options at our fingertips today can be good for 27 and productivity-and at the same time very troublesome. With so many ways to communicate, how should a manager choose the one that’s best— 28 when the message to be delivered is bad or unwelcome news for the recipient? We’ve 29 business communication consultants and etiquette（礼仪）experts to come up with the following guidelines for 30 using the alternative ways of delivering difficult messages.

First of all, choose how personal you want to be. A face-to-face communication is the most 31. Other choices, in descending order of personalization, are; a real-time phone call, a voice-mail message, a handwritten note, a typewritten letter, and the most 32 is email. Some of these may change order according to the 33 situation or your own preferences; for example, a handwritten note might seem more personal than voice-mail. How do you decide on the best choice for the difficult message you’ve got to deliver? “My 34 concern is: How can I soften or civilize this message?” says etiquette expert Dana Casperson. “So when I apologize, usually choose in-person first, or a phone conversation as my top alternative, and maybe a handwritten note next. Apologizing by email is something I now totally 35.”

A）avoid
B）convenience
C）effectively
D）escape
E）intimate
F）particularly
G）primary
H）prompt
I）reward
J）silent
K）specific
L）surveyed
M）unfriendly
N）warning
O）witnessed

Section B

How a Poor，Abandoned Parisian Boy Became a Top Chef

A) The busy streets in Paris were uneven and caked in thick mud, but there was always a breathtaking sight to see in the shop windows of Patisserie de la Rue de la Paix. By 1814, people crowded outside the bakery, straining for a glimpse of the latest sweet food created by the young chef who worked inside.

B) His name was Marie-Antoine Carême, and he had appeared, one day, almost out of nowhere. But in his short lifetime, which ended exactly 184 years ago today, he would forever revolutionize French gourmet food（美食）, write best-selling cook books and think up magical dishes for royals and other important people.

C) Carême’s childhood was one part tragedy, equal part mystery. Born the 16th child to poor parents in Paris in either 1783 or 1784, a young Carême was suddenly abandoned at the height of the French Revolution. At 8 years old, he worked as a kitchen boy for a restaurant in Paris in exchange for room and board. By age 15, he had become an apprentice（学徒）to Sylvain Bailly, a well-known dessert chef with a successful bakery in one of Paris’s most fashionable neighborhoods.

D) Carême was quick at learning in the kitchen. Bailly encouraged his young apprentice to learn to read and write. Carême would often spend his free afternoons at the nearby National Library reading books on art and architecture. In the back room of the little bakery, his interest in design and his baking talent combined to work wonders-he shaped delicious masterpieces out of flour, butter and sugar.

E) In his teenage years, Carême fashioned eatable copies of the late 18th century’s most famous buildings-cookies in the shape of ruins of ancient Athens and pies in the shape of ancient Chinese palaces and temples. Sylvain Bailly, his master, displayed these luxuriant creations-often as large as 4 feet tall-in his bakery windows.

F) Carême’s creations soon captured the discriminating eye of a French diplomat, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord. Around 1804, Talleyrand challenged Carême to produce a full menu for his personal castle, instructing the young baker to use local, seasonal fruits and vegetables and to avoid repeating main dishes over the course of an entire year. The experiment was a grand success and Talleyrand’s association with French nobility would prove a profitable connection for Carême.

G) French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was known to be unimpressed by the declining taste of early 18th century cooking, but under pressure to entertain Paris’s high society, he too called Carême to his kitchen at Tuileries Palace. In 1810, Carême designed the extraordinary cake for the wedding of Napoleon and his second bride, Marie-Louise of Austria. He became one of the first modern chefs to focus on the appearance of his table, not just the flavor of his dishes. “I want order and taste. A well-displayed meal is enhanced one hundred percent in my eyes,” he later wrote in one of his cook books.

H) In 1816, Carême began a culinary（烹饪的）journey which would forever mark his place as history’s first top chef. He voyaged to England to cook in the modern Great Kitchen of the prince regent（摄政王）, George IV, and crossed continents to prepare grand banquets for the tables of Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Never afraid to talk up his own accomplishments, a boastful Carême made a fortune as wealthy families with social ambitions invited him to their kitchens. Later, in his cook books, he would often include a sketch of himself, so that people on the street would be able to recognize-and admire-him.

I) Carême’s cooking displays became the symbol of fine French dining; they were plentiful, beautiful and imposing. Guests would fall silent in wonder as servants carried Carême’s fancy creations into the dining hall. For a banquet celebrating the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia’s visit to George IV’s Brighton Pavillion on Jan. 18, 1817, the menu featured 120 different dishes, highlighting eight different soups, 40 main courses, and 32 desserts.

J) As he traveled through the homes of early 19th century nobility, Carême forged the new art of French gourmet food. Locked in hot kitchens, Carême created his four “mother sauces.” These sauces-béchamel, velouté, espagnole and allemande-formed the central building blocks for many French main courses. He also perfected the soufflé-a baked egg dish, and introduced the standard chef’s uniform-the same double-breasted white coat and tall white hat still worn by many chefs today. The white clothing conveyed an image of cleanliness, according to Carême-and in his realm, appearance was everything.

K) Between meals, Carême wrote cook books that would be used in European kitchens for the next century. His manuals including The Royal Parisian Baker and the massive five-volume Art of French Cooking Series (1833-1847, completed after his death) first systematized many basic principles of cooking, complete with drawings and step-by-step directions. Long before television cooking shows, Carême walked readers through common kitchen tasks, instructing them to “try this for yourself, at home” as famous American Chef Julia Child might do, many years later.

L) In the end, however, it was the kitchen that did Carême in. Decades of working over coal fires in tight, closed spaces with little fresh air (to ensure his dishes would not get cold) had fatally damaged his lungs. On Jan.12, 1883, Carême died just before he turned 50.

M) But in his lifetime, Carême, ever confident, could see beyond his short domination in the kitchen.

He wanted to “set the standard for beauty in classical and modern cooking, and prove to the distant future that the French chefs of the 19th century were the most famous in the world,” as he wrote in his papers.

N) Decades later, chef Auguste Escoffier would build upon Carême’s concept of French cuisine（烹饪）.But in the very beginning, there was just Carême, the top chef who elevated dining into art.

  1. Carême was among the first chefs who stressed both the appearance and flavor of dishes.
  2. Carême wanted to show to later generations that French chefs of his time were most outstanding in the world.
  3. Carême benefited greatly from serving a French diplomat and his connections.
  4. Carême learned his trade from a famous dessert chef in Paris.
  5. Carême’s creative works were exhibited in the shop windows by his master.
  6. Carême’s knowledge of art and architecture helped him create extraordinary desserts out of ordinary ingredients.
  7. Many people in Paris were eager to have a look at the latest sweet food made by Carême.
  8. Carême became extremely wealthy by cooking for rich and socially ambitious families.
  9. Carême’s writings dealt with fundamental cooking principles in a systematic way.
  10. Carême’s contribution to French cooking was revolutionary.

Section B

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Roughly the size of a soda can, sitting on a bookshelf, a relatively harmless gadget may be turning friends away from your home. The elephant in your living room is your Internet-connected security camera, a device people are increasingly using for peace of mind in their homes. But few stop to think about the effect these devices may have on house guests. Should you tell your friends, for instance, that they’re being recorded while you all watch the big game together?

"It’s certainly new territory, especially as home security cameras become easier to install, "says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute, America’s foremost manners advisors. “I think it will be very interesting to see what etiquette（礼仪）emerges in terms of whether you tell people you have a camera or not, and whether guests have a right to ask that it be turned off, if it’s not a security issue.”

Post wants to make clear that she’s not talking about legal rights, but rather personal preferences. She also wants to explain that there are no right or wrong answers regarding manners on this front yet, because the technology is just now becoming mainstream. Besides, the Emily Post Institute doesn’t dictate manners.

When it comes to security cameras, Post says it’s a host’s responsibility to make sure guests feel comfortable within their home. “I’m always a fan of being open and honest.” For instance, if the host casually acknowledges that there is a camera in the room by telling a story about it, that may be enough to provide an opening for a guest to say if they are uncomfortable.

However, if a contractor is working in your home, you don’t need to tell them that there are cameras watching. Then again, the air of accountability that the camera generates can also work in contractors’ favor. “If anything does go wrong while they’re in the house, they don’t want to be blamed for it,” she says. “In fact, the camera could be the thing that proves that they didn’t steal the $20, or knock the vase off the table.”

  1. For what reason may your friends feel reluctant to visit your home?
    A) The security camera installed may intrude into their privacy.
    B) They don’t want their photos to be circulated on the Internet.
    C) The security camera may turn out to be harmful to their health.
    D) They may not be willing to interact with your family members.
  2. What does Lizzie Post say is new territory?
    A) The effect of manners advice on the public.
    B) Cost of applying new technologies at home.
    C) The increasing use of home security devices.
    D) Etiquette around home security cameras.
  3. What is Lizzie Post mainly discussing with regard to the use of home security cameras?
    A) Legal rights.
    B) Moral issues.
    C) Likes and dislikes of individuals.
    D) The possible impact on manners.
  4. What is a host’s responsibility regarding security cameras, according to Lizzie Post?
    A) Making their guests feel at ease.
    B) Indicating where they are.
    C) Turning them off in time.
    D) Ensuring their guests’ privacy.
  5. In what way can the home security camera benefit visitors to your home?
    A) It can satisfy their curiosity.
    B) It can prove their innocence.
    C) It can help them learn new technology.
    D) It can make their visit more enjoyable.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

PepsiCo is to spend billions of dollars to develop drinks and snacks and reformulate existing ones with lower sugar, salt and fat, as consumers demand healthier options and regulatory pressure intensifies amid an obesity epidemic（流行病）.

The maker of Mountain Dew and Gatorade has been one of the earlier movers in the industry to offer products with reduced levels of unhealthy ingredients-PepsiCo claims a packet of its chips now contains less salt than a slice of white bread. However, its new 10-year plan makes clear it believes it still has a long way to go.

Shifting eating habits, including a sharp drop in consumption of sparkling drinks, have forced radical change on the industry. But those shifts have yet to be reflected in record obesity levels, which stand at 36.5%overall in the US.

Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said the plan to make its products healthier was important for the company’s growth. But on the subject of obesity, she pointed out that consumers’ lifestyles have changed significantly, with many people being more sedentary（久坐不动的）not least because more time is spent in front of computers. She said PepsiCo’s contribution was to produce healthier snacks that still tasted good.

“Society has to change its habits,” she added. “We can’t do much to alter sedentary lifestyles, but we can provide consumers with great-tasting products, low in salt, sugar and fat. In the past we had to have a taste trade-off. But we’re breaking that trade-off.”

PepsiCo’s plan for its foods and drinks is based on guidelines from the World Health Organisation, which last week backed using taxes on sparkling drinks to reduce sugar consumption. Initiatives also include efforts to reduce its environmental impact, water consumption and materials used in packaging by 2025.

PepsiCo did not say exactly how much it planned to invest to reach its goals. However, Dr Mehmood Khan, chief scientific officer, said the company had doubled research and development spending in the past five years and was “committed to sustaining investment”, adding that companies cannot cost-cut their way to increasing sales. PepsiCo’s research and development budget in 2015 was $754 million.

  1. Why is PepsiCo making a policy change?
    A) To win support from the federal government.
    B) To be more competitive in the global market.
    C) To satisfy the growing needs for healthy foods.
    D) To invest more wisely in the soft drink industry.
  2. What does PepsiCo think it will have to do in the future?
    A) Invest more to develop new snacks.
    B) Reduce levels of obesity in the US.
    C) Change consumers’ eating habits.
    D) Keep on improving its products.
  3. Why does PepsiCo plan to alter its products, according to Indra Nooyi?
    A) To ensure the company’s future development.
    B) To adapt to its customers’ changed taste.
    C) To help improve its consumers’ lifestyles.
    D) To break the trade-off in its product design.
  4. What does Indra Nooyi say about the obesity epidemic?
    A) It is mainly caused by overconsumption of snacks.
    B) It results from high sugar and salt consumption.
    C) It is attributable to people’s changed lifestyles.
    D) It has a lot to do with longer working hours.
    55.What has PepsiCo been doing to achieve its objective?
    A) Studying WHO’s guidelines.
    B) Increasing its research funding.
    C) Expanding its market overseas.
    D) Cutting its production costs.

2018.06（第一套）

Section A

Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious damage occurring in the developing world.

The figures include a number of costs associate with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.

The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes sources like home heating and cooking, has remained constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.

Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray described it as an “urgent call to action.” One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little control , he said.

The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income equals nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low and middle-income countries live in places where they regularly experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.

But the problem is not limited exclusively to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U. S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel (柴油) vehicles have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.

A) ability
B) associate
C) consciously
D) constant
E) control
F) damage
G) described
H) equals
I) exclusively
J) innovated
K) regularly
L) relates
M) sources
N) undermine
O) vehicles

Section B

Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress

A) Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph’s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare; you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”

B) Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center’s “Shop with Your Doc” program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.

C) Nаdеаu nоtісеѕ thе рrе-mаdе mасаrоnі（通心粉）-аnd-сhееѕе bохеѕ іn Ѕсоtt’ѕ ѕhорріng саrt аnd suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So I’d have to make it?” she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”

D) Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.

E) Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications（药物）. By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as “Shop with Your Doc”, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,” Nadeau says.

F) In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of St. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives. “We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”

G) In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine—that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood, pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.

H) “It’s a different paradigm（范式）of how to treat disease,” says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patient’s nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.

I) Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patient’s family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”

J) Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation（炎症）, for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cell. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet—particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.

K) “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it.”

  1. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.
  2. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.
  3. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.
  4. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.
  5. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.
  6. One food-as -medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.
  7. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.
  8. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.
  9. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.
  10. Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.

DBGAI FCJRG

Section C

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted （抽取）. The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers（地下蓄水层）below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.

It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns. The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual setting down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above.

Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating（脱盐）the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.

One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater.

  1. How could California’s drought crisis be solved according to some researchers?
    A) By building more reserves of groundwater.
    B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth.
    C) By developing more advanced drilling devices.
    D) By upgrading its water distribution system.
  2. What can be inferred about extracting water from deep aquifers?
    A) It was deemed vital to solving the water problem.
    B) It was not considered worth the expense.
    C) It may not provide quality freshwater.
    D) It is bound to gain support from the local people.
  3. What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep underground?
    A) The sinking of land surface.
    B) The harm to the ecosystem.
    C) The damage to aquifers.
    D) The change of the climate.
  4. What does the author say about deep wells?
    A) They run without any need for repairs.
    B) They are entirely free from pollutants.
    C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts.
    D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater.
  5. What may happen when deep aquifers are used as water sources?
    A) People’s health may improve with cleaner water.
    B) People’s water bills may be lowered considerably.
    C) The cost may go up due to desalination.
    D) They may be exhausted sooner or later.

BBADC

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

The AlphaGo programs victory is an example of how smart computers have become.

But can artificial intelligence (AI) machines act ethically, meaning can they be honest and fair?

One example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on California roads, so it is not too soon to ask whether we can program a machine to act ethically. As driverless cars improve, they will save lives. They will make fewer mistakes than human drivers do. Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk? What about making a sudden turn to avoid a dog? What if the only risk is damage to the car itself, not to the passengers?

Perhaps there will be lessons to learn from driverless cars, but they are not super-intelligent beings. Teaching ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge.

About the same time as AlphaGo’s triumph, Microsoft’s ‘chatbot’ took a bad turn. The software, named Taylor, was designed to answer messages from people aged 18-24. Taylor was supposed to be able to learn from the messages she received. She was designed to slowly improve her ability to handle conversations, but some people were teaching Taylor racist ideas. When she started saying nice things about Hitler, Microsoft turned her off and deleted her ugliest messages.

AlphaGo’s victory and Taylor’s defeat happened at about the same time. This should be a warning to us. It is one thing to use AI within a game with clear rules and clear goals. It is something very different to use AI in the real world. The unpredictability of the real world may bring to the surface a troubling software problem.

Eric Schmidt is one of the bosses of Google, which owns AlphaGo. He thinks AI will be positive for humans. He said people will be the winner, whatever the outcome. Advances in AI will make human beings smarter, more able and “just better human beings.”

  1. What does the author want to show with the example of AlphaGo’s victory?
    A) Computers will prevail over human beings.
    B) Computers have unmatched potential.
    C) Computers are man’s potential rivals.
    D) Computers can become highly intelligent.
  2. What does the author mean by AI machines acting ethically?
    A) They are capable of predicting possible risks.
    B) They weigh the gains and losses before reaching a decision.
    C) They make sensible decisions when facing moral dilemmas.
    D) They sacrifice everything to save human lives.
  3. What is said to be the bigger challenge facing humans in the AI age?
    A) How to make super-intelligent AI machines share human feelings.
    B) How to ensure that super-intelligent AI machines act ethically.
    C) How to prevent AI machines doing harm to humans.
    D) How to avoid being over-dependent on AI machines.
  4. What do we learn about Microsoft’s “chatbot” Taylor?
    A) She could not distinguish good from bad.
    B) She could turn herself off when necessary.
    C) She was not made to handle novel situations.
    D) She was good at performing routine tasks.
  5. What does Eric Schmidt think of artificial intelligence?
    A) It will be far superior to human beings.
    B) It will keep improving as time goes by.
    C) It will prove to be an asset to human beings.
    D) It will be here to stay whatever the outcome.

DCBAC

2018.06（第三套）

Section A

Neon (霓虹) is to Hong Kong as red phone booths are to London and fog is to San Francisco. When night falls, red and blue and other colors cast a hazy (雾蒙蒙的) glow over a city lit up by tens of thousands of neon signs. But many of them are going dark, replaced by more practical, but less romantic, LEDs (发光二极管).

霓虹灯到香港，就像红色电话亭到伦敦，雾气到旧金山。 夜幕降临时，红色、蓝色和其他颜色在城市上空投下朦胧的光辉，成千上万的霓虹灯招牌照亮了这座城市。 但其中许多正在变暗，取而代之的是更实用但不那么浪漫的 led。

Changing building codes, evolving tastes, and the high cost of maintaining those wonderful old signs have businesses embracing LEDs, which are energy efficient , but still carry great cost. “To me, neon represents memories of the past,” says photographer Sharon Blance, whose series Hong Kong Neon celebrates the city’s famous signs. “Looking at the signs now I get a feeling of amazement, mixed with sadness.”

不断变化的建筑规范，不断变化的品味，以及维护这些美妙的古老标志的高昂成本，使得企业开始接受 led，它是节能的，但仍然带来了巨大的成本。 "对我来说，霓虹灯代表着过去的记忆,"摄影师莎伦 · 平衡说，她的系列香港霓虹灯庆祝这座城市的著名标志。 “现在看着这些标志，我有一种惊讶的感觉，夹杂着悲伤。”

Building a neon sign is an art practiced by professionals trained on the job to mold glass tubes into decorative shapes and letters. They fill these tubes with gases that glow when electrified . Neon makes orange, while other gases make yellow or blue. It takes many hours to craft a single sign.

建造霓虹灯是一门艺术，专业人士经过专业训练，可以将玻璃管塑造成装饰形状和字母。 它们在这些管子中充满气体，气体通电时会发光。 氖变成橙色，而其他气体变成黄色或蓝色。 制作一个标志需要很长时间。

Blance spent a week in Hong Kong and photographed more than 60 signs; 22 of them appear in the series that capture the signs lighting up lonely streets—an approach that makes it easy to admire their colors and craftsmanship. “I love the beautiful, handcrafted, old-fashioned quality of neon,” says Blance. The signs do nothing more than identify a restaurant, theater, or other business, but do so in the most striking way possible.

斯坦斯在香港逗留了一周，拍摄了60多个招牌，其中22个出现在这个系列中，这些招牌照亮了孤独的街道ーー这种方式很容易让人钦佩它们的色彩和工艺。 "我喜欢美丽的，手工制作的，老式的霓虹灯质量,"平衡说。 这些标志只是用来识别一家餐馆、剧院或其他商业场所，但是它们的识别方式却是最惊人的。

A) alternative B) approach C) cast D) challenging E) decorative F) efficient G) electrified H) identify I) photographed J) professionals K) quality L) replaced M) stimulate N) symbolizes O) volunteers

选择，替代，替代方法，方法，途径，方法，途径，方法，方法，挑战，挑战，挑战，装饰，有效率的，有效率的，有效率的，有效率的，有效率的，高质量的，高素质的，高质量的，高品质的，高

Section B

New Jersey School District Eases Pressure on Students—Baring an Ethnic Divide

A) This fall, David Aderhold, the chief of a high-achieving school district near Princeton, New Jersey, sent parents an alarming 16-page letter. The school district, he said, was facing a crisis. Its students were overburdened and stressed out, having to cope with too much work and too many demands. In the previous school year, 120 middle and high school students were recommended for mental health assessments and 40 were hospitalized. And on a survey administered by the district, students wrote things like, “I hate going to school,” and “Coming out of 12 years in this district, I have learned one thing: that a grade, a percentage or even a point is to be valued over anything else.”

今年秋天，新泽西州普林斯顿附近一所成绩优异的学区的负责人戴维 · 阿德霍尔德(David Aderhold)给家长们发了一封长达16页的警告信。 他说，学区正面临着一场危机。 它的学生负担过重，压力过大，不得不应付太多的工作和太多的要求。 在上一学年，120名中学生被推荐接受心理健康评估，40名住院。 在该地区组织的一项调查中，学生们写道,“我讨厌上学”,“在这个地区生活了12年，我学到了一件事: 一个分数，一个百分比，甚至一个百分点，比其他任何东西都重要。”

B) With his letter, Aderhold inserted West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District into a national discussion about the intense focus on achievement at elite schools, and whether it has gone too far. At follow-up meetings, he urged parents to join him in advocating a “whole child” approach to schooling that respects “social-emotional development” and “deep and meaningful learning” over academics alone. The alternative, he suggested, was to face the prospect of becoming another Palo Alto, California, where outsize stress on teenage students is believed to have contributed to a number of suicides in the last six years.

在这封信中，阿德霍尔德将西温莎-普兰斯伯勒地区学区引入了一场全国性的讨论，讨论的主题是精英学校的成绩，以及这种讨论是否走得太远。 在后续会议上，他呼吁家长与他一起倡导"全儿童"教育方式，尊重"社会情感发展"和"深入而有意义的学习"，而不仅仅是学业。 他认为，另一种选择是面对成为另一个加州帕洛阿尔托的前景，在那里，青少年学生的过度压力被认为是导致过去六年中多起自杀事件的原因。

C) But instead of bringing families together, Aderhold’s letter revealed a divide in the district, which has 9,700 students, and one that broke down roughly along racial lines. On one side are white parents like Catherine Foley, a former president of the Parent-Teacher-Student Association at her daughter’s middle school, who has come to see the district’s increasingly pressured atmosphere as opposed to learning. “My son was in fourth grade and told me, ‘I’m not going to amount to anything because I have nothing to put on my resume,’” she said. On the other side are parents like Mike Jia, one of the thousands of Asian-American professionals who have moved to the district in the past decade, who said Aderhold’s reforms would amount to a “dumbing down” of his children’s education. “What is happening here reflects a national anti-intellectual trend that will not prepare our children for the future,” Jia said.

但是，阿德霍尔德的信并没有把家庭团聚在一起，而是揭示了这个有9700名学生的学区的分歧，以及大致按照种族划分的分歧。 一方是像凯瑟琳 · 弗利(Catherine Foley)这样的白人家长。弗利曾在女儿就读的中学担任家长-教师-学生协会(Parent-Teacher-Student Association)主席，她开始意识到学区的压力越来越大，而不是学习。 她说:“我儿子上四年级的时候告诉我,'我不会有什么成就，因为我的简历上没什么可写的。”’。 另一方是像迈克 · 贾(Mike Jia)这样的家长，他是过去10年里搬到这个地区的数千名亚裔美国专业人士之一。他说，阿德霍尔德的改革相当于"降低"了他孩子的教育水平。 "这里发生的事情反映了一种全国性的反知识分子趋势，这不会让我们的孩子为未来做好准备,"贾说。

D) About 10 minutes from Princeton and an hour and a half from New York City, West Windsor and Plainsboro have become popular bedroom communities for technology entrepreneurs, researchers and engineers, drawn in large part by the public schools. From the last three graduating classes, 16 seniors were admitted to MIT. It produces Science Olympiad winners, classically trained musicians and students with perfect SAT scores.

离普林斯顿大约10分钟路程，离纽约大约一个半小时路程，西温莎和普莱恩斯伯勒已经成为科技企业家、研究人员和工程师们的热门居住区，这些居住区很大程度上被公立学校所吸引。 在过去的三个毕业班中，有16个大四学生被麻省理工录取。 它培养出了科学奥林匹克竞赛的获胜者，受过古典音乐训练的音乐家和 SAT 成绩优异的学生。

E) The district has become increasingly popular with immigrant families from China, India and Korea. This year, 65 percent of its students are Asian-American, compared with 44 percent in 2007. Many of them are the first in their families born in the United States. They have had a growing influence on the district. Asian-American parents are enthusiastic supporters of the competitive instrumental music program. They have been huge supporters of the district’s advanced mathematics program, which once began in the fourth grade but will now start in the sixth. The change to the program, in which 90 percent of the participating students are Asian-American, is one of Aderhold’s reforms.

这个地区越来越受到来自中国、印度和韩国的移民家庭的欢迎。 今年，该校65% 的学生是亚裔美国人，而2007年这一比例为44% 。 他们中的许多人是在美国出生的第一代。 他们对这个地区的影响越来越大。 亚裔美国家长是竞争激烈的器乐计划的热情支持者。 他们一直是学区高等数学项目的大力支持者，该项目曾在四年级开始，但现在将从六年级开始。 该项目90% 的参与学生都是亚裔美国人，该项目的变化是阿德霍尔德的改革之一。

F) Asian-American students have been eager participants in a state program that permits them to take summer classes off campus for high school credit, allowing them to maximize the number of honors and Advanced Placement classes they can take, another practice that Aderhold is limiting this school year. With many Asian-American children attending supplementary instructional programs, there is a perception among some white families that the elementary school curriculum is being sped up to accommodate them.

亚裔美国学生一直热衷于参加一个州立项目，该项目允许他们在校外参加暑期班以获得高中学分，这样他们就可以最大限度地获得荣誉和大学先修课程，这是 Aderhold 在本学年限制的另一个做法。 由于许多亚裔美国儿童参加补充教学项目，一些白人家庭认为，为了适应他们，小学课程正在加快。

G) Both Asian-American and white families say the tension between the two groups has grown steadily over the past few years, as the number of Asian families has risen. But the division has become more obvious in recent months as Aderhold has made changes, including no-homework nights, an end to high school midterms and finals, and an initiative that made it easier to participate in the music program.

亚裔美国人和白人家庭都表示，随着亚裔家庭数量的增加，这两个群体之间的紧张关系在过去几年中稳步加剧。 但最近几个月，随着阿德霍尔德做出一些改变，这种分歧变得更加明显，包括没有家庭作业的夜晚，高中期中考试和期末考试的结束，以及一项让参加音乐课程变得更加容易的举措。

H) Jennifer Lee, professor of sociology at the University of California, Irvine, and an author of the Asian American Achievement Paradox, says misunderstanding between first-generation Asian-American parents and those who have been in this country longer are common. What white middle-class parents do not always understand, she said, is how much pressure recent immigrants feel to boost their children into the middle class. “They don’t have the same chances to get their children internships (实习职位) or jobs at law firms,” Lee said. "So what they believe is that their children must excel and beat their white peers in academic settings so they have the same chances to excel later. "

加州大学欧文分校(University of California，Irvine)社会学教授、《亚裔美国人成就悖论》(Asian American Achievement Paradox)一书的作者珍妮弗•李(Jennifer Lee)表示，第一代亚裔美国人父母与那些在这个国家待得更久的人之间的误解很常见。 她说，中产阶级的白人父母并不总是理解，最近的移民为了让他们的孩子进入中产阶级感到有多大的压力。 “他们没有同样的机会让自己的孩子获得律师事务所的实习或工作。”。 “因此，他们认为，他们的孩子必须在学业方面胜过白人同龄人，这样他们以后才有同样的机会出类拔萃。”

I) The issue of the stresses felt by students in elite school districts has gained attention in recent years as schools in places like Newton, Massachusetts, and Palo Alto have reported a number of suicides. West Windsor-Plainsboro has not had a teenage suicide in recent years, but Aderhold, who has worked in the district for seven years and been chief for the last three years, said he had seen troubling signs. In a recent art assignments, a middle school student depicted (描绘) an overburdened child who was being scolded for earning an A, rather than an A+ , on a math exam. In the image, the mother scolds the student with the words, “Shame on you!” Further, he said, the New Jersey Education Department has flagged at least two pieces of writing on state English language assessments in which students expressed suicidal thoughts.

近年来，随着马萨诸塞州牛顿市和帕洛阿尔托市等地的学校报告了一系列自杀事件，精英学区学生的压力问题引起了人们的关注。 近年来，西温莎-普兰斯伯勒没有发生过青少年自杀事件，但阿德霍尔德说，他看到了一些令人不安的迹象。阿德霍尔德已在该地区工作了七年，在过去三年里一直担任主管。 在最近的一次美术作业中，一个中学生描绘了一个负担过重的孩子，他因为在数学考试中得了 a 而不是 a + 而受到责备。 在图片中，母亲斥责学生说:“你真可耻!” 此外，他说，新泽西州教育部已经标记了至少两篇关于州英语语言评估的文章，其中学生表达了自杀的想法。

J) The survey commissioned by the district found that 68 percent of high school honor and Advanced Placement students reported feeling stressed about school “always or most of the time.” “We need to bring back some balance,” Aderhold said. "You don’t want to wait until it’s too late to do something. "

该学区委托进行的这项调查发现，68% 的高中优等生和大学先修课程学生报告说，他们"总是或大部分时间"对学校感到压力 "我们需要恢复一些平衡,"阿德霍尔德说。 “你不想等到为时已晚的时候再做什么。”

K) Not all public opinion has fallen along racial lines. Karen Sue, the Chinese-American mother of a fifth-grader and an eighth-grader, believes the competition within the district has gotten out of control. Sue, who was born in the United States to immigrant parents, wants her peers to dial it back. “It’s become an arms race, an educational arms race,” she said. “We all want our kids to achieve and be successful. The question is, at what cost?”

并不是所有的公众意见都是按照种族划分的。 一个五年级学生和一个八年级学生的华裔母亲凯伦 · 苏(Karen Sue)认为，学区内的竞争已经失控。 出生在美国的苏的父母都是移民，她希望她的同龄人不要这么做。 "这已经变成了一场军备竞赛，一场教育军备竞赛,"她说。 “我们都希望我们的孩子取得成功。 问题是，代价是什么?”

  1. Aderhold is limiting the extra classes that students are allowed to take off campus.

  2. White and Asian-American parents responded differently to Aderhold’s appeal.

  3. Suicidal thoughts have appeared in some students’ writings.

  4. Aderhold’s reform of the advanced mathematics program will affect Asian-American students most.

  5. Aderhold appealed for parents’ support in promoting an all-round development of children, instead of focusing only on their academic performance.

  6. One Chinese-American parent thinks the competition in the district has gone too far.

  7. Immigrant parents believe that academic excellence will allow their children equal chances to succeed in the future.

  8. Many businessmen and professionals have moved to West Windsor and Plainsboro because of the public schools there.

  9. A number of students in Aderhold’s school district were found to have stress-induced mental health problems.

  10. The tension between Asian-American and white families has increased in recent years.

  11. 阿德霍尔德正在限制允许学生离开校园的额外课程。

  12. 对于阿德霍尔德的吸引力，白人和亚裔美国家长的反应不同。

  13. 在一些学生的作品中出现了自杀的念头。

  14. 阿德霍尔德对高等数学课程的改革对亚裔学生的影响最大。

  15. 阿德霍尔德呼吁家长支持促进儿童的全面发展，而不是只关注他们的学业成绩。

  16. 一位华裔美国家长认为，这个地区的竞争已经走得太远了。

  17. 移民家长相信，优秀的学业能让他们的孩子在未来获得平等的成功机会。

  18. 由于那里的公立学校，许多商人和专业人士搬到了西温莎和普莱恩斯伯勒。

  19. 阿德霍尔德学区的一些学生被发现有压力引起的心理健康问题。

  20. 近年来，亚裔美国人和白人家庭之间的紧张关系有所加剧。

FCIEB KHDAG

Section C

Passage One

For thousands of years, people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else. “While we teach, we learn,” said Roman philosopher Seneca. Now scientists are bringing this ancient wisdom up-to-date. They’re documenting why teaching is such a fruitful way to learn, and designing innovative ways for young people to engage in instruction.

几千年来，人们都知道理解一个概念的最好方式就是向别人解释它。 罗马哲学家塞内加说:“我们在教学的同时也在学习。”。 现在，科学家们正在更新这一古老的智慧。 他们记录了为什么教学是一种富有成效的学习方式，并为年轻人设计了创新的教学方式。

Researchers have found that students who sign up to tutor others work harder to understand the material, recall it more accurately and apply it more effectively. Student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who’re learning only for their own sake. But how can children, still learning themselves, teach others? One answer: They can tutor younger kids. Some studies have found that first-born children are more intelligent than their later-born siblings (兄弟姐妹). This suggests their higher IQs result from the time they spend teaching their siblings. Now educators are experimenting with ways to apply this model to academic subjects. They engage college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who in turn instruct middle school students on the topic.

研究人员发现，报名辅导他人的学生更努力地理解材料，更准确地回忆，更有效地应用材料。 实习老师在考试中的得分比那些只是为了自己而学习的学生要高。 但是，还在学习自己的孩子怎么能教别人呢？ 一个答案是: 他们可以辅导更小的孩子。 一些研究发现，长子比晚出生的兄弟姐妹更聪明。 这表明他们的高智商是因为他们花时间教他们的兄弟姐妹。 现在，教育工作者正在尝试将这种模式应用于学术科目。 他们吸引大学本科生向高中生讲授计算机科学，而高中生则指导中学生这方面的知识。

But the most cutting-edge tool under development is the “teachable agent”—a computerized character who learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions just like a real-world pupil. Computer scientists have created an animated (动画的) figure called Betty’s Brain, who has been “taught” about environmental science by hundreds of middle school students. Student teachers are motivated to help Betty master certain materials. While preparing to teach, they organize their knowledge and improve their own understanding. And as they explain the information to it, they identify problems in their own thinking.

但是，正在开发的最先进的工具是"可教的代理人"——这是一个计算机化的角色，他学习、尝试、犯错误、提问，就像现实生活中的学生一样。 计算机科学家创造了一个名为"贝蒂的大脑"的动画人物，数百名中学生"教授"了有关环境科学的知识。 老师激励学生帮助贝蒂掌握某些材料。 在准备教学的同时，他们组织自己的知识，提高自己的理解能力。 当他们向它解释信息时，他们在自己的思维中发现了问题。

Feedback from the teachable agents further enhances the tutors’ learning. The agents’ questions compel student tutors to think and explain the materials in different ways, and watching the agent solve problems allows them to see their knowledge put into action.

来自受教者的反馈进一步加强了导师的学习。 代理人的问题迫使学生辅导员用不同的方式思考和解释材料，观察代理人解决问题使他们看到自己的知识付诸行动。

Above all, it’s the emotions one experiences in teaching that facilitate learning. Student tutors feel upset when their teachable agents fail, but happy when these virtual pupils succeed as they derive pride and satisfaction from someone else’s accomplishment.

最重要的是，这是一个人在教学中经历的情绪，促进学习。 当可教代理人失败时，学生导师会感到不安，但当这些虚拟学生成功时，导师会感到高兴，因为他们从别人的成就中获得骄傲和满足。

  1. What are researchers rediscovering through their studies?
    A) Seneca’s thinking is still applicable today.
    B) Better learners will become better teachers.
    C) Human intelligence tends to grow with age.
    D) Philosophical thinking improves instruction.

  2. What do we learn about Betty’s Brain?
    A) It is a character in a popular animation.
    B) It is a teaching tool under development.
    C) It is a cutting-edge app in digital games.
    D) It is a tutor for computer science students.

  3. How does teaching others benefit student tutors?
    A) It makes them aware of what they are strong at.
    B) It motivates them to try novel ways of teaching.
    C) It helps them learn their academic subjects better.
    D) It enables them to better understand their teachers.

  4. What do students do to teach their teachable agents?
    A) They motivate them to think independently.
    B) They ask them to design their own questions.
    C) They encourage them to give prompt feedback.
    D) They use various ways to explain the materials.

  5. What is the key factor that eases student tutors’ learning?
    A) Their sense of responsibility.
    B) Their emotional involvement.
    C) The learning strategy acquired.
    D) The teaching experience gained.

  6. 研究人员通过他们的研究重新发现了什么？
    塞尼卡的想法在今天仍然适用。
    更好的学习者会成为更好的老师。
    人类的智力会随着年龄的增长而增长。
    哲学思考改善教学。

  7. 关于贝蒂的大脑，我们了解到了什么？
    它是一部流行动画片中的一个角色。
    它是一个正在开发的教学工具。
    它是数字游戏的前沿应用程序。
    它是计算机科学专业学生的辅导老师。

  8. 教导他人如何使学生辅导员受益？
    让他们意识到自己擅长什么。
    它促使他们尝试新颖的教学方法。
    它可以帮助他们更好地学习他们的学科。
    它使他们更好地了解他们的老师。

  9. 学生如何教导他们可教的代理人？
    他们激励他们独立思考。
    他们要求他们设计自己的问题。
    他们鼓励员工及时给予反馈。
    他们用各种方法来解释这些材料。

  10. 影响辅导员学习的关键因素是什么？
    他们的责任感。
    他们的情感投入。
    获得的学习策略。
    获得的教学经验。

ABCDB

Passage Two

A new batch of young women—members of the so-called Millennial (千禧的) generation—has been entering the workforce for the past decade. At the starting line of their careers, they are better educated than their mothers and grandmothers had been—or than their young male counterparts are now. But when they look ahead, they see roadblocks to their success. They believe that women are paid less than men for doing the same job. They think it’s easier for men to get top executive jobs than it is for them. And they assume that if and when they have children, it will be even harder for them to advance in their careers.

过去十年来，一批新的年轻女性——即所谓的"千禧一代"——已经进入劳动力市场。 在她们职业生涯的起点，她们比她们的母亲和祖母受过更好的教育ーー或者比她们现在的年轻男性同事受过更好的教育。 但是当他们展望未来时，他们看到了通往成功的路障。 他们认为，做同样的工作，女性的报酬比男性低。 他们认为男性比女性更容易获得高管职位。 他们认为，如果他们有了孩子，他们的职业发展将更加困难。

While the public sees greater workplace equality between men and women now than it did 20-30 years ago, most believe more change is needed. Among Millennial women, 75% say this country needs to continue making changes to achieve gender equality in the workplace, compared with 57% of Millennial men. Even so, relatively few young women (15%) say they have been discriminated against at work because of their gender.

尽管与20-30年前相比，公众认为现在的男女工作场所更加平等，但大多数人认为还需要进行更多的改革。 在千禧一代的女性中，75% 的人认为这个国家需要继续做出改变，以实现工作场所的性别平等，而千禧一代的男性只有57% 。 即便如此，相对较少的年轻女性(15%)说她们在工作中因为性别而受到歧视。

As Millennial women come of age they share many of the same views and values about work as their male counterparts. They want jobs that provide security and flexibility, and they place relatively little importance on high pay. At the same time, however, young working women are less likely than men to aim at top management jobs: 34% say they’re not interested in becoming a boss or top manager; only 24% of young men say the same. The gender gap on this question is even wider among working adults in their 30s and 40s, when many women face the trade-offs that go with work and motherhood.

随着千禧一代女性成年，她们对工作的看法和价值观与男性同龄人有许多相同之处。 他们想要有安全感和灵活性的工作，他们对高薪的重视相对较少。 然而，与此同时，年轻的职业女性比男性更不可能瞄准最高管理层的工作: 34% 的人说她们对成为老板或最高管理者不感兴趣; 只有24% 的年轻男性说同样的话。 在这个问题上的性别差异在30多岁和40多岁的职业成年人中甚至更大，这时许多女性面临着工作和做母亲之间的权衡。

These findings are based on a new Pew Research Center survey of 2,002 adults, including 810 Millennials (ages 18-32), conducted Oct. 7-27, 2013. The survey finds that, in spite of the dramatic gains women have made in educational attainment and labor force participation in recent decades, young women view this as a man’s world—just as middle-aged and older women do.

这些发现是基于2013年10月7日至27日美国皮尤研究中心协会对2002名成年人进行的调查，其中包括810名年龄在18岁至32岁之间的千禧一代。 调查发现，尽管近几十年来女性在学历和劳动力参与方面取得了显著进步，但年轻女性和中老年女性一样，认为这是一个男人的世界。

  1. What do we learn from the first paragraph about Millennial women starting their careers?
    A) They can get ahead only by striving harder.
    B) They expect to succeed just like Millennial men.
    C) They are generally quite optimistic about their future.
    D) They are better educated than their male counterparts.

  2. How do most Millennial women feel about their treatment in the workplace?
    A) They are the target of discrimination.
    B) They find it satisfactory on the whole.
    C) They think it needs further improving.
    D) They find their complaints ignored.

  3. What do Millennial women value most when coming of age?
    A) A sense of accomplishment.
    B) Job stability and flexibility.
    C) Rewards and promotions.
    D) Joy derived from work.

  4. What are women in their 30s and 40s concerned about?
    A) The welfare of their children.
    B) The narrowing of the gender gap.
    C) The fulfillment of their dreams in life.
    D) The balance between work and family.

  5. What conclusion can be drawn about Millennial women from the 2013 survey?
    A) They still view this world as one dominated by males.
    B) They account for half the workforce in the job market.
    C) They see the world differently from older generations.
    D) They do better in work than their male counterparts.

  6. 我们从关于千禧年女性开始职业生涯的第一段中学到了什么？
    只有更加努力，他们才能获得成功。
    他们希望像千禧一代一样获得成功。
    他们通常对自己的未来相当乐观。
    他们比男性受教育程度更高。

  7. 大多数千禧年女性对她们在工作场所受到的待遇有何感想？
    他们是歧视的对象。
    们总体上对此感到满意。
    他们认为需要进一步改进。
    他们发现自己的抱怨被忽视了。

  8. 千禧一代的女性成年后最看重什么？
    一种成就感。
    工作稳定性和灵活性。
    奖励和晋升。
    工作带来的快乐。

  9. 30多岁和40多岁的女性关心什么？
    他们孩子的福利。
    性别差距的缩小。
    在生活中实现他们的梦想。
    工作和家庭之间的平衡。

  10. 从2013年的调查中可以得出什么关于千禧年女性的结论？
    他们仍然认为这个世界是由男性主导的。
    他们占就业市场劳动力的一半。
    他们对世界的看法与老一辈人不同。
    她们在工作中比男性同事做得更好。

DCBDA

2018.06（第二套）

Section A

Since the 1940s, southern California has had a reputation for smog. Things are not as bad as they once were but, according to the American Lung Association, Los Angeles is still the worst city in the United States for levels of pollutants . Gazing down on the city from the Getty Center, an art museum in the Santa Monica Mountains, one would find the view of the Pacific Ocean blurred by the haze (霾). Nor is the state’s bad air restricted to its south. Fresno, in the central valley, comes top of the list in America for year-round pollution. Residents’ hearts and lungs are affected as a consequence . All of which, combined with California’s reputation as the home of technological innovation , makes the place ideal for developing and testing systems designed to monitor pollution in detail . And that is just what Aclima, a new firm in San Francisco, has been doing over the past few months. It has been trying out monitoring stations that are intended to yield minute-to-minute maps of outdoor air pollution. Such stations will also be able to keep an eye on what is happening inside buildings, including offices.

自20世纪40年代以来，南加州一直以烟雾闻名。 现在的情况不像以前那么糟糕了，但是根据美国肺脏协会的数据，洛杉矶仍然是美国污染水平最高的城市。 从圣莫尼卡山脉的艺术博物馆盖蒂中心俯瞰这座城市，你会发现太平洋的景色被烟雾模糊了。 这个州糟糕的空气也不仅仅局限于南部。 位于中部山谷的弗雷斯诺是全年污染最严重的城市。 居民的心脏和肺部受到影响。 所有这些，加上加利福尼亚作为技术创新之乡的声誉，使得这个地方成为开发和测试系统的理想场所，设计这些系统是为了详细监测污染。 这正是在旧金山新成立的 Aclima 公司在过去几个月里所做的事情。 政府一直在试用一些监测站，这些监测站的目的是绘制每分钟一张的户外空气污染地图。 这些监测站还可以监测包括办公室在内的建筑物内部的情况。

To this end, Aclima has been collaborating with Google’s Street View system. Davida Herzl, Aclima’s boss, says they have revealed pollution highs on days when San Francisco’s transit workers went on strike and the city’s inhabitants were forced to use their cars. Conversely, “cycle to work” days have done their job by creating pollution lows.

为此，Aclima 一直在与谷歌的街景系统进行合作。 阿利马的老板达维达•赫兹尔(Davida Herzl)表示，在旧金山的交通工人罢工、市民被迫使用汽车的日子里，他们发现污染程度达到了最高水平。 相反,"骑车上班"的日子已经完成了它们的工作，创造了污染低点。

A) assisted B) collaborating C) consequence D) consumers E) creating F) detail G) domestic H) frequently I) inhabitants J) innovation K) intended L) outdoor M) pollutants N) restricted O) sum

协助 合作 后果 消费者 创造 细节 国内的 频繁地 居民 创新 意向 户外 污染物 限制 总和

Section B

A) On a recent fall morning, a large crowd blocked the steps at one of Venice’s main tourist sites, the Rialto Bridge. The Rialto Bridge is one of the four bridges spanning the Grand Canal. It is the oldest bridge across the canal, and was the dividing line between the districts of San Marco and San Polo. But on this day, there was a twist: it was filled with Venetians, not tourists.

最近一个秋天的早晨，一大群人堵住了威尼斯主要旅游景点 Rialto Bridge 的台阶。 Rialto Bridge 是横跨大运河的四座桥梁之一。 它是运河上最古老的桥梁，也是圣马可区和圣波罗区的分界线。 但是在这一天，情况发生了变化: 这里挤满了威尼斯人，而不是游客。

B) “People are cheering and holding their carts in the air,” says Giovanni Giorgio, who helped organize the march with a grass-roots organization called Generazione '90. The carts he refers to are small shopping carts—the symbol of a true Venetian. “It started as a joke,” he says with a laugh. “The idea was to put blades on the wheels! You know? Like Ben Hur. Precisely like that, you just go around and run people down.”

"人们在欢呼，在空中举着他们的马车,"乔瓦尼 · 乔治说，他和一个叫做90将军的草根组织一起组织了这次游行。 他所指的马车是小型购物车ーー是真正威尼斯人的象征。 "一开始只是个玩笑,"他笑着说。 “我们的想法是在轮子上装上刀片！ 你知道吗？ 就像宾虚。 就是这样，你只是到处跑，把人撞倒。”

C) Venice is one of the hottest tourist destinations in the world. But that’s a problem. Up to 90,000 tourists crowd its streets and canals every day—far outnumbering the 55,000 permanent residents. The tourist increase is one key reason the city’s population is down from 175,000 in the 1950s. The outnumbered Venetians have been steadily fleeing. And those who stick around are tired of living in a place where they can’t even get to the market without swimming through a sea of picture-snapping tourists. Imagine, navigating through 50,000 people while on the way to school or to work.

威尼斯是世界上最热门的旅游目的地之一。 但这是个问题。 每天有多达9万名游客涌入这里的街道和运河，远远超过5.5万常住居民的人数。 旅游人数的增加是该市人口从上世纪50年代的17.5万下降的一个关键原因。 寡不敌众的威尼斯人一直在不断地逃亡。 那些留下来的人已经厌倦了生活在这样一个地方，他们甚至不能在游客如潮的拍照游客中游泳就到达市场。 想象一下，在去学校或去工作的路上，要穿过5万人。

D) Laura Chigi, a grandmother at the march, says the local and national governments have failed to do anything about the crowds for decades, because they’re only interested in tourism—the primary industry in Venice, worth more than $3 billion in 2015. “Venice is a cash cow,” she says, “and everyone wants a piece.”

参加游行的老奶奶劳拉 · 齐吉(Laura Chigi)说，几十年来，地方和中央政府都没有对游行人群采取任何措施，因为他们只对旅游业感兴趣。旅游业是威尼斯的主要产业，2015年价值超过30亿美元。 "威尼斯是一头摇钱树,"她说,“每个人都想分一杯羹。”

E) Just beyond St. Mark’s Square, a cruise ship passes, one of hundreds every year that appear over their medieval (中世纪的) surroundings. Their massive wake creates waves at the bottom of the sea, weakening the foundations of the centuries-old buildings themselves. “Every time I see a cruise ship, I feel sad,” Chigi says. “You see the mud it drags; the destruction it leaves in its wake? That hurts the ancient wooden poles holding up the city underwater. One day we’ll see Venice break down.”

就在圣马克广场后面，一艘游轮经过，每年都有数百艘游轮出现在它们的中世纪(something something something)周围。 它们巨大的尾流在海底掀起巨浪，削弱了这些有几百年历史的建筑物本身的地基。 "每次我看到一艘游轮，我都感到难过,"齐吉说。 “你看到它拖着的泥巴，它留下的破坏吗？ 这伤害了支撑着城市的古老木杆。 总有一天我们会看到威尼斯崩溃的。”

F) For a time, UNESCO, the cultural wing of the United Nations, seemed to agree. Two years ago, it put Italy on notice, saying the government was not protecting Venice. UNESCO considers the entire city a World Heritage Site, a great honor that means Venice, at the cultural level, belongs to all of the world’s people. In 2014, UNESCO gave Italy two years to manage Venice’s flourishing tourism or the city would be placed on another list—World Heritage In Danger, joining such sites as Aleppo and Palmyra, destroyed by the war in Syria.

F)有一段时间，联合国的文化部门联合国教科文组织似乎表示同意。 两年前，它提请意大利注意，说政府没有保护威尼斯。 联合国教科文组织认为整个城市是世界遗产，这是一个巨大的荣誉，意味着威尼斯，在文化水平上，属于全世界的人民。 2014年，联合国教科文组织给意大利两年时间来管理威尼斯蓬勃发展的旅游业，否则这座城市将被列入另一个名单---- 处于危险中的世界遗产，加入诸如阿勒颇和帕尔迈拉这样被叙利亚战争摧毁的遗址。

G) Venice’s deadline passed with barely a murmur (嘟哝) this summer, just as UNESCO was meeting in Istanbul. Only one representative, Jad Tabet from Lebanon, tried to raise the issue. “For several years, the situation of heritage in Venice has been worsening, and it has now reached a dramatic situation,” Tabet told UNESCO. “We have to act quickly—there is not a moment to waste.”

今年夏天，就在联合国教科文组织在伊斯坦布尔召开会议之际，威尼斯的最后期限过去了，几乎没有发出一点声音。 只有一位代表，来自黎巴嫩的 Jad Tabet，试图提出这个问题。 Tabet 告诉联合国教科文组织:“几年来，威尼斯的遗产状况一直在恶化，现在已经到了一个戏剧性的地步。”。 “我们必须迅速采取行动，不能浪费任何时间。”

H) But UNESCO didn’t even hold a vote. “It’s been postponed until 2017,” says Anna Somers, the founder and CEO of The Art Newspaper and the former head of Venice in Peril, a group devoted to restoring Venetian art. She says the main reason the U.N. cultural organization didn’t vote to declare Venice a World Heritage Site In Danger is because UNESCO has become “intensely politicized. There would have been some back-room negotiations.”

但是联合国教科文组织甚至没有举行投票。 艺术报》(The Art Newspaper)创始人兼首席执行官、致力于恢复威尼斯艺术品的威尼斯危机中心(Venice in Peril)前负责人安娜•萨默斯(Anna Somers)表示:“这项活动被推迟到2017年。”。 她说，联合国文化组织没有投票宣布威尼斯为濒危世界遗产的主要原因是，联合国教科文组织已经变得"高度政治化"。 会有一些幕后谈判。"

I) Italy boasts more UNESCO World Heritage Sites than any other country in the world, granting it considerable power and influence within the organization. The former head of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, which oversees heritage sites, is Francesco Bandarin, a Venetian who now serves as UNESCO’s assistant director-general for culture.

意大利拥有的联合国教科文组织世界遗产比世界上任何其他国家都多，在该组织内赋予它相当大的权力和影响力。 联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心(UNESCO World Heritage Centre)负责监管文化遗址，前任负责人是弗朗西斯科 · 班达林(Francesco Bandarin) ，他是一名威尼斯人，现在担任联合国教科文组织负责文化的助理总干事。

J) Earlier this year, Italy signed an accord with UNESCO to establish a task force of police art detectives and archaeologists (考古学家) to protect cultural heritage from natural disasters and terror groups, such as ISIS. The accord underlined Italy’s global reputation as a good steward of art and culture.

J)今年早些时候，意大利与联合国教科文组织签署了一项协议，成立了一个由警察艺术侦探和考古学家组成的特别工作组，以保护文化遗产免受自然灾害和恐怖组织(如伊斯兰国)的破坏。 该协议强调了意大利作为艺术和文化的好管家的全球声誉。

K) But adding Venice to the UNESCO endangered list—which is dominated by sites in developing and conflict-ridden countries—would be an international embarrassment, and could even hurt Italy’s profitable tourism industry. The Italian Culture Ministry says it is unaware of any government efforts to pressure UNESCO. As for the organization itself, it declined a request for an interview.

K)但是，将威尼斯列入联合国教科文组织濒危名单(主要是发展中国家和冲突频发国家的景点)将会在国际上引起尴尬，甚至可能损害意大利利润丰厚的旅游业。 意大利文化部说，他们不知道政府有任何向联合国教科文组织施压的行动。 至于该组织本身，它拒绝了采访请求。

L) The city’s current mayor, Luigi Brugnaro, has ridiculed UNESCO and told it to mind its own business, while continuing to support the cruise ship industry, which employs 5,000 Venice residents.

L)威尼斯现任市长路易吉 · 布鲁尼亚罗(Luigi Brugnaro)嘲笑联合国教科文组织(UNESCO) ，让它管好自己的事，同时继续支持游轮业，该行业雇佣了5000名威尼斯居民。

M) As for Venetians, they’re beyond frustrated and hoping for a solution soon. “It’s a nightmare for me. Some situations are really difficult with tourists around,” says Giorgio as he navigates around a swelling crowd at the Rialto Bridge. “There are just so many of them. They never know where they are going, and do not walk in an orderly manner. Navigating the streets can be exhausting.”

至于威尼斯人，他们已经不再沮丧，希望尽快找到解决办法。 "这对我来说是一场噩梦。 有些情况真的很难与游客周围,"乔治一边说，一边在越来越多的 Rialto Bridge 人群中穿行。 “它们实在太多了。 他们永远不知道自己要去哪里，也不会有秩序地行走。 在街道上穿行可能会让人筋疲力尽。”

N) Then it hits him: This crowd isn’t made up of tourists. They’re Venetians. Giorgio says he’s never experienced the Rialto Bridge this way in all his 22 years. “For once, we are the ones who are blocking the traffic,” he says delightedly. “It feels unreal. It feels like we’re some form of endangered species. It’s just nice. The feeling is just pure.” But, he worries, if tourism isn’t managed and his fellow locals continue to move to the mainland, his generation might be the last who can call themselves native Venetians.

然后他突然想到: 这群人不是游客。 他们是威尼斯人。 乔治表示，在他22年的职业生涯中，他从未以这种方式体验过 Rialto Bridge。 "这一次，是我们阻碍了交通,"他高兴地说。 “感觉很不真实。 感觉就像我们是某种形式的濒危物种。 只是感觉很好。 这种感觉非常纯粹。” 但是，他担心，如果旅游业得不到管理，他的当地同胞继续迁移到大陆，他这一代人可能是最后一代可以称自己为威尼斯本地人的人。

  1. The passing cruise ships will undermine the foundations of the ancient buildings in Venice.

  2. The Italian government has just reached an agreement with UNESCO to take measures to protect its cultural heritage.

  3. The heritage situation in Venice has been deteriorating in the past few years.

  4. The decrease in the number of permanent residents in Venice is mainly due to the increase of tourists.

  5. If tourism gets out of control, native Venetians may desert the city altogether one day.

  6. UNESCO urged the Italian government to undertake its responsibility to protect Venice.

  7. The participants in the Venetian march used shopping carts to show they were 100% local residents.

  8. Ignoring UNESCO’s warning, the mayor of Venice maintains his support of the city’s tourism industry.

  9. One woman says that for decades the Italian government and local authorities have only focused on the revenues from tourism.

  10. UNESCO has not yet decided to put Venice on the list of World Heritage Sites In Danger.

  11. 过往的游船会破坏威尼斯古建筑的地基。

  12. 意大利政府刚刚与联合国教科文组织达成协议，采取措施保护其文化遗产。

  13. 在过去的几年里，威尼斯的遗产状况一直在恶化。

  14. 威尼斯永久居民人数的减少主要是由于游客的增加。

  15. 如果旅游业失去控制，威尼斯当地人可能有一天会完全抛弃这座城市。

  16. 联合国教科文组织敦促意大利政府承担起保护威尼斯的责任。

  17. 威尼斯人游行的参与者使用购物车表明他们是100% 的当地居民。

  18. 威尼斯市长无视联合国教科文组织的警告，继续支持该市的旅游业。

  19. 一位妇女说，几十年来，意大利政府和地方当局只关注旅游收入。

  20. 联合国教科文组织尚未决定将威尼斯列入濒危世界遗产名录。

EJGCN FBLDH

Section C

Passage One

Living in an urban area with green spaces has a long-lasting positive impact on people’s mental well-being, a study has suggested. UK researchers found moving to a green space had a sustained positive effect, unlike pay rises or promotions, which only provided a short-term boost. Co-author Mathew White, from the University of Exeter, UK, explained that the study showed people living in greener urban areas were displaying fewer signs of depression or anxiety. “There could be a number of reasons,” he said, “for example, people do many things to make themselves happier: they strive for promotion or pay rises, or they get married. But the trouble with those things is that within six months to a year, people are back to their original baseline levels of well-being. So, these things are not sustainable; they don’t make us happy in the long term. We found that for some lottery (彩票) winners who had won more than ￡500,000 the positive effect was definitely there, but after six months to a year, they were back to the baseline.”

一项研究表明，居住在有绿色空间的城市对人们的心理健康有着持久的积极影响。 英国研究人员发现，搬到绿色空间有持续的积极影响，不像加薪或晋升，只提供了一个短期的提高。 来自英国艾希特大学的合著者 Mathew White 解释说，这项研究表明，生活在城市环保地区的人们表现出抑郁或焦虑的迹象更少。 "可能有很多原因,"他说,“例如，人们做很多事情来让自己更快乐: 他们努力升职或加薪，或者结婚。 但这些事情的麻烦在于，在六个月到一年的时间里，人们的幸福感又回到了他们最初的基准水平。 所以，这些事情是不可持续的; 从长远来看，它们不会让我们感到幸福。 我们发现，对于一些中奖金额超过50万英镑的彩票中奖者来说，积极影响确实存在，但6个月至1年后，他们又回到了基线水平。”

Dr. White said his team wanted to see whether living in greener urban areas had a lasting positive effect on people’s sense of well-being or whether the effect also disappeared after a period of time. To do this, the team used data from the British Household Panel Survey compiled by the University of Essex.

怀特博士说，他的研究小组想看看，居住在绿色城市地区是否对人们的幸福感产生了持久的积极影响，还是这种影响在一段时间后就消失了。 为了做到这一点，研究小组使用了英国艾塞克斯大学统计局编制的英国家庭调查小组的数据。

Explaining what the data revealed, he said: “What you see is that even after three years, mental health is still better, which is unlike many other things that we think will make us happy.” He observed that people living in green spaces were less stressed, and less stressed people made more sensible decisions and communicated better.

在解释数据显示的结果时，他说:“你看到的是，即使过了三年，心理健康状况仍然更好，这与我们认为会让我们快乐的许多其他事情不同。” 他观察到，生活在绿色空间的人们压力较小，压力较小的人们做出更明智的决定，交流更好。

With a growing body of evidence establishing a link between urban green spaces and a positive impact on human well-being, Dr. White said, “There’s growing interest among public policy officials, but the trouble is who funds it. What we really need at a policy level is to decide where the money will come from to help support good quality local green spaces.”

随着越来越多的证据表明，城市绿地与人类福祉之间存在联系，怀特博士说,“公共政策官员的兴趣越来越浓厚，但问题在于谁为它提供资金。 在政策层面，我们真正需要的是确定资金将从哪里来，以帮助支持高质量的本地绿地。”

  1. According to one study, what do green spaces do to people?
    A) Improve their work efficiency.
    B) Add to their sustained happiness.
    C) Help them build a positive attitude towards life.
    D) Lessen their concerns about material well-being.

  2. What does Dr. White say people usually do to make themselves happier?
    A) Earn more money.
    B) Settle in an urban area.
    C) Gain fame and popularity.
    D) Live in a green environment.

  3. What does Dr. White try to find out about living in a greener urban area?
    A) How it affects different people.
    B) How strong its positive effect is.
    C) How long its positive effect lasts.
    D) How it benefits people physically.

  4. What did Dr. White’s research reveal about people living in a green environment?
    A) Their stress was more apparent than real.
    B) Their decisions required less deliberation.
    C) Their memories were greatly strengthened.
    D) Their communication with others improved.

  5. According to Dr. White, what should the government do to build more green spaces in cities?
    A) Find financial support.
    B) Improve urban planning.
    C) Involve local residents in the effort.
    D) Raise public awareness of the issue.

  6. 根据一项研究，绿色空间对人们有什么影响？
    提高他们的工作效率。
    增加他们持续的幸福感。
    帮助他们建立积极的生活态度。
    减少他们对物质福利的担忧。

  7. 怀特博士说，人们通常做什么来使自己更快乐？

1)赚更多的钱。
B)在市区定居。
获得名声和知名度。
D)生活在绿色环境中。

  1. 关于生活在绿色都市区，怀特博士试图找出什么？

A)它如何影响不同的人。
它的积极作用有多强。
它的积极作用能持续多久。
它如何在身体上给人们带来好处。

图49。 关于生活在绿色环境中的人们，怀特博士的研究揭示了什么？

他们的压力表现得比实际更明显。
他们的决定需要较少的深思熟虑。
他们的记忆力大大增强了。
他们与他人的交流得到了改善。

  1. 怀特博士认为，政府应该做些什么来在城市中建立更多的绿色空间呢？

1)寻找财政支持。
B)改善城市规划。
让当地居民参与进来。
D)提高公众对这个问题的认识。

BACDA

Passage Two

You probably know about the Titanic, but it was actually just one of three state-of-the-art (先进的) ocean ships back in the day. The Olympic class ships were built by the Harland & Wolff ship makers in Northern Ireland for the White Star Line company. The Olympic class included the Olympic, the Britannic and the Titanic. What you may not know is that the Titanic wasn’t even the flagship of this class. All in all, the Olympic class ships were marvels of sea engineering, but they seemed cursed to suffer disastrous fates.

你可能知道泰坦尼克号，但它实际上只是当时三艘最先进的远洋轮船之一。 这些奥运级别的船舶是由北爱尔兰的 Harland & Wolff 船舶制造商为白星航运公司建造的。 奥林匹克班包括奥林匹克、大不列颠和泰坦尼克号。 你可能不知道的是，泰坦尼克号甚至不是这个级别的旗舰。 总而言之，奥运级别的船只是海洋工程的奇迹，但他们似乎遭受了灾难性的命运。

The Olympic launched first in 1910, followed by the Titanic in 1911, and lastly the Britannic in 1914. The ships had nine decks, and White Star Line decided to focus on making them the most luxurious ships on the water.

1910年奥林匹克号首次启航，1911年泰坦尼克号紧随其后，最后是1914年的大不列颠号。 这些船只有九层甲板，白星航运公司决定专注于使它们成为水上最豪华的船只。

Stretching 269.13 meters, the Olympic class ships were wonders of naval technology, and everyone thought that they would continue to be so for quite some time. However, all suffered terrible accidents on the open seas. The Olympic got wrecked before the Titanic did, but it was the only one to survive and maintain a successful career of 24 years. The Titanic was the first to sink after famously hitting a huge iceberg in 1912. Following this disaster, the Britannic hit a naval mine in 1916 and subsequently sank as well.

奥林匹克级别的船只长达269.13米，是海军技术的奇迹，每个人都认为它们将在相当长的一段时间内继续保持这种状态。 然而，所有人都在公海上遭遇了可怕的事故。 奥林匹克在泰坦尼克号之前就被毁坏了，但是它是唯一一个幸存下来并且保持了24年的成功事业的。 1912年，泰坦尼克号撞上了一座巨大的冰山，成为第一个沉没的船只。 在这场灾难之后，不列颠号在1916年撞上了一枚海军水雷，随后也沉没了。

Each ship was coal-powered by several boilers constantly kept running by exhausted crews below deck. Most recognizable of the ship designs are the ship’s smoke stacks, but the fourth stack was actually just artistic in nature and served no functional purpose. While two of these ships sank, they were all designed with double hulls (船体) believed to make them “unsinkable”, perhaps a mistaken idea that led to the Titanic’s and the Britannic’s tragic end.

每艘船都由几个锅炉供煤，由甲板下筋疲力尽的船员不停地操作。 大多数可识别的飞船设计是飞船的烟囱，但是第四个烟囱实际上只是艺术性的，没有任何功能用途。 当其中两艘船沉没时，它们都被设计成了"永不沉没"的双层船体，这也许是一个错误的想法，导致了泰坦尼克号和不列颠尼克号的悲剧结局。

The Olympic suffered two crashes with other ships and went on to serve as a hospital ship and troop transport in World War I. Eventually, she was taken out of service in 1935, ending the era of the luxurious Olympic class ocean liners.

奥林匹克号与其他船只两次相撞，并在第一次世界大战中成为医疗船和运兵船。最终，她在1935年退役，结束了奥林匹克级豪华远洋客轮的时代。

  1. What does the passage say about the three Olympic class ships?
    A) They performed marvellously on the sea.
    B) They could all break the ice in their way.
    C) They all experienced terrible misfortunes.
    D) They were models of modern engineering.

  2. What did White Star Line have in mind when it purchased the three ships?
    A) Their capacity of sailing across all waters.
    B) The utmost comfort passengers could enjoy.
    C) Their ability to survive disasters of any kind.
    D) The long voyages they were able to undertake.

  3. What is said about the fourth stack of the ships?
    A) It was a mere piece of decoration.
    B) It was the work of a famous artist.
    C) It was designed to let out extra smoke.
    D) It was easily identifiable from afar.

  4. What might have led to the tragic end of the Titanic and the Britannic?
    A) Their unscientific designs.
    B) Their captains’ misjudgment.
    C) The assumption that they were built with the latest technology.
    D) The belief that they could never sink with a double-layer body.

  5. What happened to the ship Olympic in the end?
    A) She was used to carry troops.
    B) She was sunk in World War I.
    C) She was converted into a hospital ship.
    D) She was retired after her naval service.

  6. 这篇文章对三艘奥林匹克级别的船说了些什么？
    他们在海上表演得非常好。
    他们都可以打破僵局。
    他们都经历了可怕的不幸。
    他们是现代工程学的典范。

  7. 当白星航运购买这三艘船的时候，脑子里想的是什么？
    他们航行在所有水域的能力。
    B)最舒适的乘客可以享受。
    们在任何灾难中生存的能力。
    他们能够进行的长途航行。

  8. 关于第四堆船怎么说？
    那只不过是一件装饰品。
    这是一位著名艺术家的作品。
    它的设计是为了放出额外的烟雾。
    从远处很容易辨认出来。

  9. 是什么导致了泰坦尼克号和大不列颠的悲剧结局？
    他们不科学的设计。
    他们的船长判断失误。
    C)假设它们是用最新技术建造的。
    D)相信有了双层身体他们就永远不会沉没。

  10. 奥林匹克号最后怎么了？
    她被用来运送军队。
    她在第一次世界大战中沉没。
    她被改装成了一艘医疗船。
    她在海军服役后退休了。

CBADD

2018.06（第一套）

Section C

Passage One

Losing your ability to think and remember is pretty scary. We know the risk of dementia (痴呆症) increases with age. But if you have memory slips, you probably needn’t worry. There are pretty clear differences between signs of dementia and age-related memory loss.

失去思考和记忆的能力是相当可怕的。 我们知道痴呆症的风险随着年龄的增长而增加。 但是如果你有记忆错误，你可能不需要担心。 痴呆症的症状和与年龄有关的记忆丧失之间有非常明显的区别。

After age 50, it’s quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people, places and things quickly, says Dr. Kirk Daffner of Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.

波士顿布里格姆妇女医院的 Kirk Daffner 医生说: 50岁以后，很容易记不住人名、地名和事物的名字。

The brain ages just like the rest of the body. Certain parts shrink, especially areas in the brain that are important to learning, memory and planning. Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain. And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow.
Forgetting the name of an actor in a favorite movie, for example, is nothing to worry about. But if you forget the plot of the movie or don’t remember even seeing it, that’s far more concerning, Daffner says.

大脑和身体其他部分一样会老化。 某些部分会萎缩，尤其是大脑中对学习、记忆和计划很重要的区域。 脑细胞的变化会影响大脑不同区域之间的交流。 当血管变窄时，血流量也会减少。
例如，忘记一个最喜欢的电影中的演员的名字，没什么好担心的。 但是如果你忘记了电影的情节或者甚至不记得看过这部电影，那就更令人担忧了，达夫纳说。

When you forget entire experiences, he says, that’s “a red flag that something more serious may be involved.” Forgetting how to operate a familiar object like a microwave oven, or forgetting how to drive to the house of a friend you’ve visited many times before can also be signs of something going wrong.

他说，如果你忘记了整个经历，那就是"一个危险信号，说明可能有更严重的事情发生。" 忘记如何操作一个熟悉的物体，比如微波炉，或者忘记如何开车去你以前拜访过很多次的朋友家，也可能是出了问题的迹象。

But even then, Daffner says, people shouldn’t panic. There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss, including health problems like temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, high blood pressure, or depression, as well as medications (药物) like antidepressants.

但即便如此，Daffner 说，人们也不应该恐慌。 有很多东西可以导致混乱和记忆丧失，包括健康问题，如睡眠时呼吸暂停，高血压，抑郁症，以及药物，如抗抑郁药。

You don’t have to figure this out on your own. Daffner suggests going to your doctor to check on medications, health problems and other issues that could be affecting memory. And the best defense against memory loss is to try to prevent it by building up your brain’s cognitive (认知的) reserve, Daffner says.

你不需要自己去弄明白。 达夫纳建议去看医生，检查药物、健康问题和其他可能影响记忆力的问题。 达夫纳说，防止记忆丧失的最好办法是通过建立大脑的认知储备来防止记忆丧失。

“Read books, go to movies, take on new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways,” he says. In other words, keep your brain busy and working. And also get physically active, because exercise is a known brain booster.

他说:“读书、看电影、培养新的兴趣爱好或者参加一些活动，这些活动会迫使人们用新奇的方式思考问题。”。 换句话说，让你的大脑忙碌工作。 同时也要锻炼身体，因为锻炼是一种众所周知的大脑助推器。

  1. Why does the author say that one needn’t be concerned about memory slips?
    A) Not all of them are symptoms of dementia.
    B) They occur only among certain groups of people.
    C) Not all of them are related to one’s age.
    D) They are quite common among fifty-year-olds.

  2. What happens as we become aged according to the passage?
    A) Our interaction skills deteriorate.
    B) Some parts of our brain stop functioning.
    C) Communication within our brain weakens.
    D) Our whole brain starts shrinking.

  3. Which memory-related symptom should people take seriously?
    A) Totally forgetting how to do one’s daily routines.
    B) Inability to recall details of one’s life experiences.
    C) Failure to remember the names of movies or actors.
    D) Occasionally confusing the addresses of one’s friends.

  4. What should people do when signs of serious memory loss show up?
    A) Check the brain’s cognitive reserve.
    B) Stop medications affecting memory.
    C) Turn to a professional for assistance.
    D) Exercise to improve their well-being.

  5. What is Dr. Daffner’s advice for combating memory loss?
    A) Having regular physical and mental checkups.
    B) Taking medicine that helps boost one’s brain.
    C) Engaging in known memory repair activities.
    D) Staying active both physically and mentally.

  6. 为什么作者说一个人不需要担心记忆错误？
    并不是所有这些都是痴呆症的症状。
    它们只发生在特定的人群中。
    并不是所有这些都与年龄有关。
    这在五十多岁的人中很常见。

  7. 根据这篇文章，当我们变老时会发生什么？
    我们的互动能力退化了。
    我们大脑的某些部分停止了工作。
    大脑内部的交流减弱。
    我们的整个大脑开始萎缩。

  8. 人们应该重视哪些与记忆有关的症状？
    完全忘记了如何做自己的日常事务。
    无法回忆起生活经历的细节。
    记不住电影或演员的名字。
    D)偶尔混淆朋友的地址。

  9. 当出现严重失忆的迹象时，人们应该怎么办？
    检查大脑的认知储备。
    停止影响记忆的药物治疗。
    向专业人士寻求帮助。
    D)锻炼以改善他们的健康状况。

  10. 达夫纳博士对抗记忆丧失的建议是什么？
    A)定期进行身体和精神检查。
    服用促进大脑发育的药物。
    从事已知的记忆修复活动。
    D)保持身体和精神上的活跃。

ACACD

Passage Two

A letter written by Charles Darwin in 1875 has been returned to the Smithsonian Institution Archives (档案馆) by the FBI after being stolen twice.

查尔斯 · 达尔文在1875年写的一封信被美国联邦调查局偷了两次，现已归还给史密森学会档案馆。

“We realized in the mid-1970s that it was missing,” says Effie Kapsalis, head of the Smithsonian Insitution Archives. “It was noted as missing and likely taken by an intern (实习生), from what the FBI is telling us. Word got out that it was missing when someone asked to see the letter for research purposes,” and the intern put the letter back. “The intern likely took the letter again once nobody was watching it.”

"我们意识到，在20世纪70年代中期，它是缺失的，说:"埃菲 Kapsalis，史密森尼学会档案馆负责人。 "从 FBI 告诉我们的情况来看，它被认为是丢失的，很可能是由实习生拿走的。 当有人出于研究目的要求查看这封信时，这封信被泄露了出去。"实习生把信放了回去。 “实习生很可能在没人看的时候再次拿走信件。”

Decades passed. Finally, the FBI received a tip that the stolen document was located very close to Washington, D.C. Their art crime team recovered the letter but were unable to press charges because the time of limitations had ended. The FBI worked closely with the Archives to determine that the letter was both authentic and definitely Smithsonian’s property.

十年过去了。 最后，联邦调查局接到线报，说被盗文件离华盛顿特区很近。 他们的艺术品犯罪小组找到了这封信，但由于限制期已经结束，他们无法提起诉讼。 联邦调查局与档案馆密切合作，以确定这封信是真实的，而且绝对是史密森尼的财产。

The letter was written by Darwin to thank an American geologist, Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, for sending him copies of his research into the geology of the region that would become Yellowstone National Park.

这封信是由达尔文写的，感谢美国地质学家，费汀南德·凡德威尔·海登博士，给他寄来了他对这个地区的地质研究的副本，这个地区后来成为了黄石国家公园。

The letter is in fairly good condition, in spite of being out of the care of trained museum staff for so long. “It was luckily in good shape,” says Kapsalis, “and we just have to do some minor things in order to be able to unfold it. It has some glue on it that has colored it slightly, but nothing that will prevent us from using it. After it is repaired, we will take digital photos of it and that will be available online. One of our goals is to get items of high research value or interest to the public online.”

尽管长期以来没有受过训练的博物馆工作人员照料，这封信的状况还是相当好的。 "幸运的是，它的状态良好,"卡普萨利斯说,“我们只需要做一些小的事情，以便能够展开它。 它上面有一些胶水，稍微上了点色，但是没有什么能阻止我们使用它。 修好后，我们会给它拍数码照片，这些照片可以在网上找到。 我们的目标之一是让公众在网上获得具有高研究价值或兴趣的项目。”

It would now be difficult for an intern, visitor or a thief to steal a document like this. “Archiving practices have changed greatly since the 1970s,” says Kapsalis, “and we keep our high value documents in a safe that I don’t even have access to.”

现在，实习生、访客或小偷很难偷到这样的文件。 "自20世纪70年代以来，存档实践发生了巨大变化,"卡普萨利斯说,“我们将高价值文件保存在一个我甚至无法接触到的保险箱里。”

  1. What happened to Darwin’s letter in the 1970s?
    A) It was recovered by the FBI.
    B) It was stolen more than once.
    C) It was put in the archives for research purposes.
    D) It was purchased by the Smithsonian Archives.

  2. What did the FBI do after the recovery of the letter?
    A) They proved its authenticity.
    B) They kept it in a special safe.
    C) They arrested the suspect immediately.
    D) They pressed criminal charges in vain.

  3. What is Darwin’s letter about?
    A) The evolution of Yellowstone National Park.
    B) His cooperation with an American geologist.
    C) Some geological evidence supporting his theory.
    D) His acknowledgement of help from a professional.

  4. What will the Smithsonian Institution Archives do with the letter according to Kapsalis?
    A) Reserve it for research purposes only.
    B) Turn it into an object of high interest.
    C) Keep it a permanent secret.
    D) Make it available online.

  5. What has the past half century witnessed according to Kapsalis?
    A) Growing interest in rare art objects.
    B) Radical changes in archiving practices.
    C) Recovery of various missing documents.
    D) Increases in the value of museum exhibits.

  6. 20世纪70年代达尔文的信发生了什么？
    A)它被联邦调查局发现。
    它被偷了不止一次。
    为了研究目的，它被存放在档案室里。
    D)它被史密森尼档案馆购买。

  7. 收到这封信后，联邦调查局做了什么？
    他们证明了它的真实性。
    他们把它放在一个特殊的保险箱里。
    他们立即逮捕了嫌疑犯。
    他们徒劳地提出刑事指控。

  8. 达尔文的信是关于什么的？
    A)黄石国家公园的进化。
    他与一位美国地质学家的合作。
    一些地质学证据支持他的理论。
    他感谢专业人士的帮助。

  9. 根据 Kapsalis 的说法，史密森学会档案馆将如何处理这封信？
    A)仅用于研究目的。
    B)把它变成一个高度关注的对象。
    永远保守这个秘密。
    D)让它可以在网上找到。

  10. 根据卡普萨利斯的观点，过去的半个世纪见证了什么？
    对稀有艺术品越来越感兴趣。
    B)归档实践的根本性改变。
    C)追回各种丢失的文件。
    D)博物馆展品价值的增加。

BADDB

2017.12（第三套）

Section C

Passage One

Aging happens to all of us, and is generally thought of as a natural part of life. It would seem silly to call such a thing a “disease.”

衰老发生在我们所有人身上，而且通常被认为是生活中自然的一部分。 把这种东西称为"疾病"似乎有些愚蠢

On the other hand, scientists are increasingly learning that aging and biological age are two different things, and that the former is a key risk factor for conditions such as heart disease, cancer and many more. In that light, aging itself might be seen as something treatable, the way you would treat high blood pressure or a vitamin deficiency.

另一方面，科学家越来越多地认识到，衰老和生物年龄是两个不同的事情，前者是心脏病、癌症等疾病的关键风险因素。 从这个角度来看，衰老本身可以被看作是可以治疗的，就像你治疗高血压或维生素缺乏症一样。

Biophysicist Alex Zhavoronkov believes that aging should be considered a disease. He said that describing aging as a disease creates incentives to develop treatments.
“It unties the hands of the pharmaceutical (制药的) industry so that they can begin treating the disease and not just the side effects,” he said.

生物物理学家亚历克斯 · 扎沃龙科夫认为，衰老应该被视为一种疾病。 他说，将衰老描述为一种疾病可以激励人们开发治疗方法。
他说:“它解开了制药业的枷锁，这样他们就可以开始治疗疾病，而不仅仅是副作用。”。

“Right now, people think of aging as natural and something you can’t control,” he said. “In academic circles, people take aging research as just an interest area where they can try to develop interventions. The medical community also takes aging for granted, and can do nothing about it except keep people within a certain health range.”

"现在，人们认为衰老是自然的，是你无法控制的,"他说。 “在学术界，人们把老龄化研究仅仅作为一个兴趣领域，他们可以尝试开发干预措施。 医学界也认为老龄化是理所当然的，除了让人们保持在一定的健康范围之内，他们无能为力。”

But if aging were recognized as a disease, he said, “It would attract funding and change the way we do health care. What matters is understanding that aging is curable.”

但是，如果衰老被认为是一种疾病，他说,"它将吸引资金，并改变我们的卫生保健方式。 重要的是我们要明白，衰老是可以治愈的。

“It was always known that the body accumulates damage,” he added. “The only way to cure aging is to find ways to repair that damage. I think of it as preventive medicine for age-related conditions.”
Leonard Hayflick, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, said the idea that aging can be cured implies the human lifespan can be increased, which some researchers suggest is possible. Hayflick is not among them.

"众所周知，身体会累积损伤,"他补充说。 "治愈衰老的唯一方法就是找到修复损伤的方法。 我认为这是年龄相关疾病的预防医学。"加州大学旧金山分校的李奥纳多·海佛烈克说，衰老可以治愈的想法意味着人类的寿命可以延长，一些研究人员认为这是可能的。 海弗里克不在其中。

“There’re many people who recover from cancer, stroke, or heart disease. But they continue to age, because aging is separate from their disease,” Hayflick said. “Even if those causes of death were eliminated, life expectancy would still not go much beyond 92 years.”

"有很多人可以从癌症、中风或心脏病中康复。 但是他们会继续变老，因为衰老和疾病是分开的。 “即使消除了这些死亡原因，预期寿命也不会超过92岁。”

  1. What do people generally believe about aging?
    A) It should cause no alarm whatsoever.
    B) They just cannot do anything about it.
    C) It should be regarded as a kind of disease.
    D) They can delay it with advances in science.

  2. How do many scientists view aging now?
    A) It might be prevented and treated.
    B) It can be as risky as heart disease.
    C) It results from a vitamin deficiency.
    D) It is an irreversible biological process.

  3. What does Alex Zhavoronkov think of “describing aging as a disease”?
    A) It will prompt people to take aging more seriously.
    B) It will greatly help reduce the side effects of aging.
    C) It will free pharmacists from the conventional beliefs about aging.
    D) It will motivate doctors and pharmacists to find ways to treat aging.

  4. What do we learn about the medical community?
    A) They now have a strong interest in research on aging.
    B) They differ from the academic circles in their view on aging.
    C) They can contribute to people’s health only to a limited extent.
    D) They have ways to intervene in people’s aging process.

  5. What does professor Leonard Hayflick believe?
    A) The human lifespan cannot be prolonged.
    B) Aging is hardly separable from disease.
    C) Few people live up to the age of 92.
    D) Heart disease is the major cause of aging.

  6. 关于衰老，人们通常相信什么？
    它应该不会引起任何恐慌。
    他们对此无能为力。
    它应该被视为一种疾病。
    他们可以用科学的进步来拖延时间。

  7. 现在有多少科学家看待衰老？
    A)可以预防和治疗。
    它可能和心脏病一样危险。
    它来自于一个维生素缺乏症。
    这是一个不可逆的生物过程。

  8. 亚历克斯 · 扎沃龙科夫如何看待"将衰老描述为一种疾病"？
    它会促使人们更加重视衰老问题。
    它将大大有助于减少衰老的副作用。
    它将使药剂师从传统的衰老观念中解放出来。
    它将激励医生和药剂师找到治疗衰老的方法。

  9. 我们对医学界有什么了解？
    他们现在对衰老的研究有着浓厚的兴趣。
    他们对衰老的看法与学术界不同。
    它们对人们的健康只有有限的贡献。
    他们有办法干预人们的衰老过程。

  10. 李奥纳多·海佛烈克教授相信什么？
    A)人类的寿命不能延长。
    老化与疾病几乎是不可分割的。
    很少有人能活到92岁。
    心脏病是衰老的主要原因。

BADCA

Passage Two

Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, compared with their male counterparts. Christopher Intagliata reports.

As in many other fields, gender bias is widespread in the sciences. Men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring (指导), and have better odds of being hired. Studies show they’re also perceived as more competent than women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. And new research reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, too.

“Say, you know, this is the best student I’ve ever had,” says Kuheli Dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at Columbia University’s Lamont campus. “Compare those excellent letters with a merely good letter: ‘The candidate was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist or something that’s clearly solid praise,’ but nothing that singles out the candidate as exceptional or one of a kind.”

Dutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctoral positions in geoscience. They were all edited for gender and other identifying information, so Dutt and her team could assign them a score without knowing the gender of the student. They found that female applicants were only half as likely to get outstanding letters, compared with their male counterparts. That includes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes, men and women. The findings are in the journal Nature Geoscience.

Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualifications of the applicants using the data in the files. But she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at a potential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than outstanding letters of recommendation.

“We’re not trying to assign blame or criticize anyone or call anyone conscious sexist. Rather, the point is to use the results of this study to open up meaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias, be it at a departmental level or an institutional level or even a discipline level.” Which may lead to some recommendations for the letter writers themselves.

  1. What do we learn about applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences?
    A) There are many more men applying than women.
    B) Chances for women to get the positions are scare.
    C) More males than females are likely to get outstanding letters of recommendation.
    D) Male applicants have more interest in these positions than their female counterparts.
  2. What do studies about men and women in scientific research show?
    A) Women engaged in postdoctoral work are quickly catching up.
    B) Fewer women are applying for postdoctoral positions due to gender bias.
    C) Men are believed to be better able to excel in STEM disciplines.
    D) Women who are keenly interested in STEM fields are often exceptional.
  3. What do the studies find about the recommendation letters for women applicants?
    A) They are hardly ever supported by concrete examples.
    B) They contain nothing that distinguishes the applicants.
    C) They provide objective information without exaggeration.
    D) They are often filled with praise for exceptional applicants.
  4. What did Dutt and her colleagues do with the more than 1,200 letters of recommendation?
    A) They asked unbiased scholars to evaluate them.
    B) They invited women professionals to edit them.
    C) They assigned them randomly to reviewers.
    D) They deleted all information about gender.
  5. What does Dutt aim to do with her study?
    A) Raise recommendation writers’ awareness of gender bias in their letters.
    B) Open up fresh avenues for women post-doctors to join in research work.
    C) Alert women researchers to all types of gender bias in the STEM disciplines.
    D) Start a public discussion on how to raise women’s status in academic circles.

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