第二部分 句法
考点十三主谓一致
一、就近原则
1.由并列结构或连词（either...or， neither...nor，not...but， not only...but also， or等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与较近的那个名词或代词保持一致。
Neither his parents nor Tom is at home.
2.在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
There is a book and some pens on the desk.
There comes the bus.
3.在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。
I know the man who is talking to my father.
4.在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。
It is Mary’s brother who/that was injured in the car accident yesterday.
二、意义一致原则
1.当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， besides，except， but， including等短语时 ，谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。
I along with my sister am going to Shanghai next month.
2.由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.
3. “...+ (of) +名词”作主语时，若“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。
Most of the water here is clean.
Half of the apples are red.
4.词组“a number of”作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；“the number of”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
A number of ancient buildings were destroyed in the war.
The number of the visitors has decreased this year.
5.英语的集体名词（family, public, group, team, class等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。
My family was very poor when I was a little girl.
My family are all looking forward for your coming.
三、整体原则
1.从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词用单数。
When to leave has not been decided.
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
2.如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。
The novelist and poet is going to Europe next year.
The novelist and the poet are going to Europe next year.
3.表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。
Ten minutes is enough.
4.“the +姓氏名词的复数”表示“一家人/….夫妇”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The Blacks enjoy working in China.
四、个体原则
1. every +….and every +…..或each+…and each +…作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Every man and every woman is busy at working.
2.英语句中的each， either， neither等词，作代词充当主语，修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Neither of us has been abroad.
Neither answer is acceptable
3. 由some, any every, no构成的复合词（somebody，nobody，everything，anything等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate.
4. 成双成对出现的复数名词（glasses，shoes，trousers，pants，gloves等）作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，但前面有a /the pair of；a /the suit of等词语时，则谓语动词要与量词（pair, suit, piece ）在单复数上保持一致。
A piece of paper is on the desk.
Two pieces of paper are on the desk.
5.以复数形式出现，却表示单数意义（maths, physics, news …），谓语用单数。
Maths is my favorite subject.
6.“the +形容词（old /young /rich /poor ）”表示“一类人”，作主语时，谓语用复数。
The young like listening to popular songs .
考点十四倒装
1.当句首为副词here ，there 且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。
Here comes the bus !
There goes the bell !
2.only 修饰时间、地点、方式等状语时，应用部分倒装。
Only in this way can we solve the problem.
Only when you told me did I know her name.
【注意】如果only 修饰的不是状语，则句子不倒装。
Only Uncle Li knows how it happened.
3.表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时，肯定倒装用“ so + 助动词／情态动词 +sb”；前句是否定，而后面的人也不怎么样时用“ neither / nor + 助动词 / 情态动词 + sb”。
He can speak English, and so can I.
If she doesn’t go there tomorrow，neither / nor will I.
【注意】
①“ so + 助动词 / 情态动词 + sb” 表示前者的主语和后者的主语的情况一样，所谈到的是两个人，意为“...也是这样”；
②“ so + sb + 助动词 / 情态动词”表示前者和后者所指同一人时，说话者表示同意前者的观点，意为“的确如此”。 — Li Lei likes sports. — So he does and so do I.
4.由not only...but also...引起的并列句，若将not only 置于句首时，该分句应部分倒装， but also 引导的分句不倒装。
Not only did he give me some advice，but also he lent me some money.
5.否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装。否定词常用的有：
Not until(直到…..才)，No sooner….(than)(一…..就)，Never/ Rarely/Seldom，Hardly/Scarcely，Few/Little，At no time，Under no circumstances(决不)，On no account (决不)，In no way等。
No sooner had I arrived school than it began to rain.
Seldom does he talk to his desk-mate.
6.as引导的让步状语从句表“尽管”时，要将表语、状语和动词原形提到句首
Young as he is, the team leader is very capable.
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
考点十五强调
英语中常见的用来表示强调的句型有以下几种。
1.It is / was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他成分
I met him in the park this morning.
→It was I who / that met him in the park this morning.（强调主语）
→It was him that I met in the park this morning.（强调宾语）
It was in the park that I met him this morning.(强调地点状语)
It was this morning that I met him in the park.(强调时间状语)
【注意】
①如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态(一般现在时/现在进行时/现在完成/现在完成进行时/一般将来时/将来进行时/将来完成时等)用It is...that/who...。如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态(一般过去时/过去进行时/过去完成时/过去将来时等)则用It was...that/who...。
It was Peter who / that got the first place in the final exam.
It is not everyone who / that can pass the college entrance exam.
②强调句型的一般疑问句只需把is / was提前，它的特殊疑问句只需在一般疑问句前加上疑问词。如:
Was it Smith who / that broke the window?
Who was it that broke the window?
③not...until...的强调句式
当被强调的是not...until...句型时，应将not置于until之前，主句由否定句改为肯定句。如:
We didn’t recognize her until she took off her glasses.
→It was not until she took off her glasses that we recognized her.
（注：Not until she took off her glasses did we recognize her. 此句为否定词not位于句首， 句子要用部分倒装）
2.谓语动词的强调
It is / was...that/who...结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，则用助动词do / does / did + 动词原形表示。 如:
He did tell all that had happened to him.
She does get up early every day.
Mary， do come to my birthday party tonight.
3.用形容词very， only， single， such等来修饰名词来表示强调
This is the very book that I’m looking for.
He is the only one of the students who passed the English test.
Not a single spelling mistake did he make in the composition.
4. 用倒装句来强调以加强语气
Never shall I forget the day when Mr. Wang gave us the first lesson.
So aloud did he speak that everyone could hear him clearly.
