Peak Chapter5 2/2

Words

1.under one's belt

There was a major difference in skill between surgeons who had had a great deal of experience with this surgery and those who had relatively few such operations under their belts.

phrasal
释义： in one's possession /as part of one's experience 

2.adept

For our purposes, the key finding was that there were large differences in patient outcomes among surgeons of differently rated technical skills, with patients of the more technically adept sugeons being less likely to experience complications or mortality.

释义：[adj]good at something that needs care and skill注意和adapt区分 同义：skilful
adept at/in
 例： Melissa quickly became adept at predicting his moods.
 造句：I received a call from  an adept liar.

3. mortality
释义：the number of deaths during a particular period of time among a particular type or group of people:
  例：Mortality from heart disease varies widely across the world.
    infant/child/maternal/adult mortality
     an appallingly high infant mortality rate (=number of babies who die)

4.bottom line

The bottom line is what you are able to do, not what you know, although it is understandood that you need to know.

释义：the bottom line used to tell someone what the most important part of a situation is, or what the most important thing to consider is:
 例：In radio, you have to keep the listener listening. That’s the bottom line.
造句：In deliberate practice, the bottom line is to do.
另外的两个意思都和做生意有关1. the profit or the amount of money that a business makes or loses/2.the least amount of money that you are willing to accept in a business deal

5. amass

If years of practice make physicians better, then the quality of care they give should increase as they amass more experience.

释义：if you amass money, knowledge, information etc, you gradually collect a large amount of it:
例子：For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.
 造句：Jack Ma amassed a fortune as China entered into the interner era.

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Thoughts

通常工作后接受的继续教育都是以教授知识为主，而不是起关键作用的技能，因为教知识相对简单很多，只用讲讲课，而这种方法对于技能的提高基本没有什么作用。想起之前的会计继续教育等等，听课只会让人瞌睡。所以形同虚设。

那什么样的培训方式对实际工作更有效果呢？

有三个要素：1.找到这个工作的专家 2.能得到及时反馈 3.培养识别风险和迅速应对的能力。

以工作领域的专家为目标，向他学习。

及时反馈是昨天提到过的，今天更强调的是如何给自己及时反馈，外科手术因为稍微有差错马上就会对病人造成危险，所以他有特殊的及时反馈。其实我们在进行英文写作和发音练习时也可以通过工具给自己反馈，比如用word文档和siri进行检查。

最后一点文中用的是mental representation

This ability-to recognize unexpected situations, quickly consider various possible responses, and decide on the best one.

对与这一点我想到了《把时间当作朋友》里提到的演练，当我们在做一件事情之前想在大脑里演练一下每一步，就像编程时先想好每一步会有什么结果或会遇到什么问题，这样提前的模拟可以增加实际操作时的成功率。

The Power of Habit这本书里同样也提到过演练，菲尔普斯的教练就要求他每天都要闭上眼睛在大脑里演练自己游泳的过程，不仅如此，他还会故意将菲尔普斯的游泳眼镜弄坏，逼着他在闭眼的情况下练习。这样不仅让菲尔普斯不害怕在比赛中可能出现的意外情况，而且让他对自己的比赛更有把握，甚至闭上眼睛都能知道自己游到哪里了。