原文|Zawn Villines
乱译|中外物語
配图|原文或网络
今日主角|酒渣鼻 rosacea
Why is my nose red?
哎呀我的小鼻子，为啥变红咯？
Most people have experienced a red nose after a cold, flu, or an allergic reaction. In these cases, the redness is usually due to the dry skin that results from persistent wiping. The nose can also turn red due to skin and blood vessel issues, chronic inflammation, allergies, and a few other conditions. Although a red nose can be bothersome, it is rarely cause for serious concern.
相信多数人有过这样的经历：一场小感冒，流感或过敏反应后，小鼻子变红啦！这可不是扮演小丑耍宝，而是不停地擦拭鼻子，导致皮肤发干，不想“红”都不行。红鼻子症状病因较多，既有可能是皮肤和血管问题，慢性炎症和各种过敏引起，也有可能是其他少见症状所致。虽然红鼻子看起来令人反胃、也给患者本人造成不快，但却很少引起人们的深度关注。
Common causes of a red nose
引发红鼻子的常见病因
A person's nose can turn red because of changes in the surface of the skin or the blood vessels. When the skin is irritated or inflamed, the nose can look temporarily red. Blood vessels in the nose can also swell or break open, creating a red or swollen appearance.
鼻子发红多是因为鼻子表皮和血管变化引起的。皮肤受到刺激或发炎，鼻子就会暂时性发红；鼻腔内的血管发生膨胀或张裂，就会引起鼻子发红或肿胀症状。
The most common causes of a red nose include:
常见的红鼻子症状有以下几种：
Rosacea
皮肤痤疮（又叫酒糟/渣鼻；文艺气息浓厚的专业人士还管它叫“玫瑰斑”！）
Rosacea is a skin condition that causes the skin to look red and irritated. In some people, rosacea begins as a tendency to blush easily. The redness typically begins on the cheeks, spreading to the nose, ears, chin, and other areas of the face or body. Rosacea is not well understood. Some doctors believe that it occurs when a person's blood vessels easily dilate and expand, making the skin look red. In some people, specific triggers cause a rosacea flare-up, including eating spicy food.
酒渣鼻类似于皮肤遭受刺激后出现的红斑症状，说白了就是鼻子患上了皮肤病。对某些人来说，酒渣鼻症状就好比脸红一样易得，从两腮开始染到鼻子，耳朵，下巴，甚至到整张脸或身体。但是，人们对酒渣鼻的理解尚且肤浅，主要是对它的研究不够深入。某些医生相信红鼻子症状的病因是鼻腔血管容易肿胀或膨胀所致，血管一膨胀就把鼻子“撑”得发红；另一些医生则认为，引发红鼻子症状有具体原因，吃辣就是其中之一。
Four types of rosacea can cause the nose to turn red:
· Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, which causes flushing, redness, and noticeable blood vessels.
· Ocular rosacea, which irritates the eyes and eyelids but does not typically affect the nose. However, people with this form of rosacea may develop other types of rosacea.
· Phymatous rosacea, which causes the skin to thicken and develop a bumpy texture.
· Papulopustular rosacea, which causes acne, redness, and swelling.
Rosacea is treatable, but some people with rosacea develop permanent redness on their skin.
四类皮肤痤疮可引起鼻子发红：
· 红斑毛细血管扩张型（erythematotelangiectatic这个单词真是日了狗了，看着就让人天旋地转。我在《中国皮肤性病学杂志》上才搜到一种皮肤病的解释，其他地方根本看不到其中文含义是什么！我猜这就说明中国专业领域对酒渣鼻的研究落后于西方，大概看着酒渣鼻这名字，全都归罪于患者贪杯上了吧。）这一症状可引起脸红，鼻红，而且血脉扩张看上去非常显眼。
· 眼红斑痤疮，这一症状主要引起眼睛和眼睑发红，对鼻子的影响并不明显；但是，这一症状的出现，可能诱发其他皮肤痤疮症状。
· 增生肉芽肿红斑，这一症状引发皮肤增厚，出现凹凸不平纹理——这种是真正引发酒渣鼻的罪魁祸首。
· 丘疹脓包红斑，这一症状引发皮肤粉刺、泛红和肿胀。
玫瑰斑可以治愈，但难保有些患者得一次而红终生。
Rhinophyma
鼻赘（也叫肥大性酒渣鼻）
Rhinophyma is a side effect of untreated rosacea that causes the oil-producing glands of the nose to thicken. This response can change the shape of the nose, making it look bumpy and hard. People with rhinophyma may develop visible blood vessels that are either thin and red or thick and purple. Rhinophyma is much more common in men than in women. This may be due to the influence of male hormones, including testosterone. Once rhinophyma develops, it is usually permanent. Some cosmetic surgeries may improve the appearance of the nose.
鼻赘实际上是致使鼻子油腺增厚而又未能治愈的玫瑰斑（酒渣鼻）后遗症。这一后遗症的主要反应是鼻状发生改变，多数情况下是变得肥大，而且看上去凹凸不平、硬如石头，给人一种鼻子沉重得快要“扛”不住的感觉。鼻赘慢慢会发展为血管扩张明显，以致于血管胀到薄薄的快要撑破的样子，泛出红色或重紫色。这一症状的男性患者多于女性。或是男性荷尔蒙作用所致，睾酮就是原因之一。鼻赘一旦出现或恶化，症状通常是顽固的。必要时可能需要鼻子整形手术。
Dry Skin
干性皮肤
Very dry skin can make the nose look red and irritated. Some people develop this dryness and irritation from frequently wiping their nose. Dry skin conditions, such as eczema, can also make the nose look red, scaly, or irritated. The redness is normally temporary, but the underlying condition may cause frequent flare-ups.
干性皮肤使得鼻子看起来泛红或红肿。部分人出现这种症状是因为经常擦鼻子所致。干性皮肤症状，比如像湿疹，同样能让鼻子看起来泛红、有积垢或红肿。这一泛红症状是暂时性的，但潜伏症状比较顽固，或能引发经常性的红肿。
Lupus
狼疮
Lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack healthy cells. Many people with lupus develop a butterfly-shaped rash on their nose and cheeks. This rash, called a malar rash, can make the nose to look red and bumpy. Lupus medications may help reduce the frequency and severity of lupus-related skin problems, including nose reddening.
狼疮是致使身体攻击健康细胞的一种自体免疫性疾病。很多狼疮患者的症状会发展为鼻部和脸颊的蝶形皮疹。这一皮疹又叫面颊疹，能够引起鼻部发红且出现凹凸不平症状。狼疮药物治疗或可有效控制鼻子泛红等症状的发病频率和减缓类似症状的并发症。
Allergies
过敏
Allergies can cause the nose to look red in several ways. Hay fever, dust allergies, and pet allergies may cause sneezing and a runny nose. Frequent nose-wiping can irritate the skin, creating a reddened appearance. Allergies may also cause blood vessels in and around the nose to swell or burst under the skin, making the nose look swollen and red. Allergies to skin care and cosmetic products may irritate the surface of the skin, leaving it dry, red, flaky, or itchy.
过敏致使鼻子发红的原因不一。干草热（或叫花粉热）、灰尘过敏和宠物过敏或可导致喷嚏不断且流鼻涕。经常性擦拭鼻子使皮肤受到刺激，因此出现泛红症状。过敏或也可致使鼻腔血管发生肿胀、扩张，从而引起整个鼻部的红肿。某些化妆品或美容品或可引发皮肤过敏，变干，泛红，起死皮，或发痒等症状。
Injuries
受伤
Injuries to the nose can rupture blood vessels under the skin, making the nose look swollen and red. Recent surgery to the nose, being hit on the nose, cystic acne, and skin injuries can all cause redness.
鼻部遭受伤害可使皮下血管发生破裂，致使出现鼻子红肿症状。新近的鼻部手术，鼻子受到击打，囊肿性湿疹和皮肤损伤等都能引起泛红症状。
Other potential causes
其他潜伏因素
Some other factors can cause temporary redness. The change is short-lived, and the nose returns to its normal color within a few minutes or hours. Alcohol, temperature changes, eating spicy food, and blushing cause some people's noses to temporarily redden. People with thin or pale skin and visible blood vessels are more likely to notice their noses briefly reddening in response to these factors.
其他因素可能引发暂时性发红症状，在数分钟或小时内症状自然消失。酒精作用，体温变化，贪吃麻辣，以及脸部泛红都能引起鼻子暂时性发红症状。这一症状对皮薄肤白且血管外露的朋友来说最为明显。
Treatment
治疗
Treatment for a red nose depends on the cause of the redness. It is important to understand whether the issue is with the skin or with the blood vessels. If the problem is with the blood vessels or caused by a chronic illness, creams and topical medications applied to the skin will not work.
治病就要先找出病因，鼻子发红症状也不例外，要弄清楚到底是皮肤性问题还是血管的问题。病症若是血管问题或由慢性疾病引发，皮肤病外用膏药和局部药物治疗就不会见效。
Treating rosacea and rhinophyma
治疗酒渣鼻和肥大性酒渣鼻（也叫鼻赘疣）
Treating rosacea begins by identifying lifestyle factors that contribute to outbreaks of the condition. Some people develop rosacea in response to stress, certain foods, or skin creams. Eliminating these triggers can reduce the severity and frequency of redness. Using sunscreen can prevent rosacea from getting worse but will not treat the underlying cause. Drugs containing sulfur and some antibiotics can control symptoms of rosacea. When rosacea makes blood vessels more visible, some cardiovascular medications can help. Rhinophyma cannot be reversed with traditional treatments, but treating the underlying rosacea can prevent it from getting worse. Cosmetic surgeries may help.
治疗酒渣鼻要从明确引发这一症状的生活方式入手。部分患者的病因跟压力，饮食或皮肤外用膏药有关。设法减压，调节饮食，停用外用膏药自然就能缓解症状。防晒霜能有效缓解玫瑰斑但无法根除潜伏病症，而像硫磺药物和抗生素药物能有效控制玫瑰斑症状。一旦症状发展到血脉扩张更加显眼，某些心血管药物治疗或有效果。肥大性酒渣鼻（鼻赘疣）不能用常规疗法治疗，但可有效预防潜伏期的玫瑰斑进一步恶化；整形手术或是不错的选择。
Surgical treatment options include:
· Cryotherapy, which freezes and removes affected skin.
· Dermabrasion, which scrapes the skin's surface to even its appearance.
· Dermaplaning, which removes affected skin.
· Laser resurfacing, which uses a laser to reshape the skin.
常见治疗肥大性酒渣鼻的整形手术有：
· 冷冻疗法，冷冻和祛除病状皮肤。
· 皮肤磨削术，通过摩擦皮肤表面使其“平整”。
· 皮肤平整术，祛除病状皮肤。
· 激光换肤术，使用激光疗法“重置”皮肤。
Treating allergies
治疗过敏
Avoiding cosmetics and skin products that cause allergic reactions can prevent a reddened nose. People with seasonal or respiratory allergies may benefit from allergy medications or from regularly cleaning the nose with a saline spray. Gently blotting the nose with a soft cloth can help prevent irritation and redness. Moisturizing creams can also help, especially if the skin looks scaly and dry.
少用引起皮肤过敏的美容美肤品。部分易发季节性或呼吸道过敏的患者可通过药物治疗，或常用盐水喷雾清洗鼻子；用非常柔软的布料轻轻清理鼻子可有效预防红肿和泛红。保湿霜对干燥起皮的皮肤有明显效果。
Addressing dry skin
处理干性皮肤
Dry skin requires additional moisture, so using a thick moisturizing cream may help. People with eczema may need to experiment with various remedies, as some people find that foods, allergens, or stress can trigger eczema flare-ups.
干性皮肤关键需要保湿，因此使用保湿霜或有效缓解症状。湿疹患者的病根在于湿疹，或需通过多种结合疗法缓解症状，比如饮食，变应原，或缓压，等等。
Other treatments that may work include:
· steroid creams, especially if the nose is red and itchy
· oatmeal products to soothe the skin
· phototherapy, using light to treat eczema
· special eczema moisturizers, such as E45
· medications to treat the eczema cause, including inflammation or an overactive immune system
其他或有疗效的疗法：
· 类固醇乳膏，特别针对鼻子发红和发痒的患者
· 燕麦片制品
· 光线疗法
· 湿疹专用保湿剂，比如E45
· 湿疹病因药物治疗，包括炎症或过激反应免疫系统药物
Managing lupus
治疗狼疮
Treating the symptoms of lupus can prevent lupus from attacking the skin. Some treatments that may reduce the effects lupus has on the skin include:
· lifestyle changes, such as managing stress and avoiding sun
· creams applied directly to the skin, including steroids, retinoids, antibiotics, and some others
· systemic medications to control the symptoms
· 改变生活方式，比如调节压力和避开光照
· 使用皮肤外用霜，常见的有类固醇、类维生素A、抗生素和其他
· 控制病症的全身药物治疗
Preventing temporary redness
预防暂时性发红症状
Sometimes a red nose is just a temporary annoyance. When alcohol, spicy foods, or other environmental irritants leave the nose red, some simple strategies can help. Alternating cold and hot packs may reduce swelling and irritation. This can also help reduce the swelling and redness of an injury. Avoiding triggers for nose reddening, such as alcohol and spicy foods, can also help. If a person has allergies or a frequently runny nose, they can use soft tissues and moisturize their skin often to avoid dryness and irritation.
红鼻子有时不过是暂时的“小丑”模样，酒精作用、麻辣食物，或其他环境因素引起的红鼻子症状，可通过一些常规疗法缓解。冷热敷可减缓肿胀和红肿；这个法子也可用于缓解外伤引起的红肿。尽量少碰引起红鼻子症状的饮食，比如酒类和麻辣食物，等等。经常性过敏或有流鼻涕症状的患者（可能是鼻炎患者），可用超软面巾纸湿化皮肤，以防其干燥和红肿。
Outlook
结语
A red nose is not a medical condition but can be a symptom of another problem. When the nose is frequently red for no clear reason, a person should consult a doctor. Treatment is often relatively simple. Even when it is not, early treatment of lupus and other illnesses can prevent symptoms from worsening.
红鼻子看上去烦人，貌似算不上大病，但它无疑能够诱发其他病症。如果鼻子无缘无故地经常性泛红，那就应该去看看医生啦！疗法通常都相对简单。狼疮和其他病症的早期治疗能够阻止症状恶化。
