一、Scrapy设置随机User-Agent
1. settings.py文件中，设置随机User-Agent
MY_USER_AGENT = [
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20",
"Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 LBBROWSER",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.0.3698.400)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; 360SE)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_2_1 like Mac OS X; zh-cn) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8C148 Safari/6533.18.5",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:2.0b13pre) Gecko/20110307 Firefox/4.0b13pre",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:16.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/16.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; zh-CN; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100922 Ubuntu/10.10 (maverick) Firefox/3.6.10",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36",
]
2、在middlewares.py文件中，添加下面的代码。
import scrapy
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware
import random
class MyUserAgentMiddleware(UserAgentMiddleware):
def __init__(self, user_agent):
self.user_agent = user_agent
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(
user_agent=crawler.settings.get('MY_USER_AGENT')
)
def process_request(self, request, spider):
agent = random.choice(self.user_agent)
request.headers['User-Agent'] = agent
3、将我们自定义的这个MyUserAgentMiddleware类添加到DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES，像下面这样
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'scrapy.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': None,
'myproject.middlewares.MyUserAgentMiddleware': 400,
}
二、Scrapy设置随机IP代理（IPProxy）
1、settings.py文件中，设置代理列表
PROXIES = ['http://183.207.95.27:80', 'http://111.6.100.99:80', 'http://122.72.99.103:80',
'http://106.46.132.2:80', 'http://112.16.4.99:81', 'http://123.58.166.113:9000']
2. 在middlewares.py文件中，添加下面的代码。
import scrapy
from scrapy import signals
import random
class ProxyMiddleware(object):
def __init__(self, ip):
self.ip = ip
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(ip=crawler.settings.get('PROXIES'))
def process_request(self, request, spider):
ip = random.choice(self.ip)
request.meta['proxy'] = ip
3、将我们自定义的ProxyMiddleware类添加到DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES，像下面这样
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'myproject.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 543,
}
三、cookie设置
request_with_cookies = Request(url="http://www.example.com",
cookies={'currency': 'USD', 'country': 'UY'})
详情：https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/request-response.html
四、http status code 设置（http status code is not handled or allowed 解决方法）
1、在项目settings.py中添加
HTTPERROR_ALLOWED_CODES = [301,302,404]
2、专对爬虫设置
class TothegoSpider(Spider):
handle_httpstatus_list = [301,302,404]
Set Handle_httpstatus_list = [302];
On request, set dont_redirect to True on meta.
For example: Request(URL, meta={'dont_redirect': True});
3、request加上meta={'handle_httpstatus_list': range(400,600)} （这个牛叉）
五、在你的爬虫里删除 allowed_domains属性（我在写爬虫的过程也发现这个属性是个鸡肋）
Remove Domain LimitationPermalink
Our spider has an attribute called allowed_domains to prevent downloading unwanted URLs. Without this attribute, the spider may attempt to traverse the entire web and never complete its task.
参考：https://www.linode.com/docs/development/python/use-scrapy-to-extract-data-from-html-tags/
六、重写爬虫的__init__ 还实现 通过命令行传递start_url
import re
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import scrapy
from scrapy import signals
class LinkCheckerSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'link_checker'
handle_httpstatus_list = [404]
domain = ''
def __init__(self, url='http://www.example.com', *args, **kwargs):
super(LinkCheckerSpider, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.start_urls = [url]
scrapy crawl link_checker -a url="http://www.linode.com"
参考：https://www.linode.com/docs/development/python/use-scrapy-to-extract-data-from-html-tags/
七、error的处理
yield scrapy.Request(url, callback=self.parse_httpbin,
errback=self.errback_httpbin,
dont_filter=True)
彩蛋：
scrapy默认是遵守爬虫准则的，即settings里面，ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True。
比如抓取百度，在https://www.baidu.com/robots.txt里，有这样的一个规范。
如果遵守，比如今日头条，是不能用scrapy爬取的。
这个时候需要把ROBOTSTXT_OBEY=False.也就不遵守它的规则。