（1）quarter
n. v.
quar‧ter 1 n. [C] S1 W2 / 'kwɔːtə ; ˋkwɔrtɚ /
英 / 'kwɔːtə /
1
AMOUNT 数量
one of four equal parts into which something can be divided 四分之一
→ half ; third
It’s about a page and a quarter.
大概是一又四分之一页。
Cut the cake into quarters.
把蛋糕切成四等份。
a/one quarter (of sth)
a quarter of a mile
四分之一英里
roughly one quarter of the city’s population
这个城市大约四分之一的人口
three quarters (of sth) (= 75%) (某物的)四分之三
three quarters of a million pounds
75万英镑
the first/second etc quarter
in the last quarter of the 19th century
在19世纪最后的25年里
常见错误 Say 要说 a quarter of something, 不要说 ‘quarter of’ something.
2
PART OF AN HOUR 一小时的一部分
a period of 15 minutes 一刻钟，十五分钟
I’ll meet you in a quarter of an hour.
我们一刻钟之后见。
She arrived three quarters of an hour (= 45 minutes ) late.
她迟到了45分钟。
(a) quarter to (sth) (= 15 minutes before the hour) 整点差15分钟
It’s a quarter to two.
现在是差一刻两点。
(a) quarter past (sth) BrE (= 15 minutes after the hour) 【英】 整点过15分钟
I’ll meet you at a quarter past ten.
我们十点一刻碰面。
3
MONEY 钱
a coin used in the US and Canada worth 25 cents 〔美国和加拿大的〕二十五分硬币
4
THREE MONTHS 三个月
a period of three months, used especially when discussing business and financial matters 季度；季
Our database is updated every quarter.
我们的数据库每个季度都更新。
the first/second/third/fourth quarter
The company’s profits rose by 11% in the first quarter of the year.
今年第一季度公司利润增加了11%。
→ quarterly (1)
5
SPORT 体育运动
one of the four equal periods of time into which games of some sports are divided 〔某些分四节进行的体育比赛的〕一节，一局
the first/second/third/fourth quarter
The home side took the lead in the second quarter.
第二节主队领先。
6
PART OF A CITY 城市的一部分
[usually singular 一般用单数] an area of a town 区，地区
I found a small flat in the student quarter.
我在学生居住区找到一间小公寓。
Granada’s ancient Arab quarter
格拉纳达古老的阿拉伯人居住区
a historic quarter of the city
古城区
THESAURUS AREA
7
HOME 家 quarters
[plural 复数] the rooms that are given to someone to live in as part of their job, especially servants or soldiers 〔尤指用人或军人的〕宿舍，住房；营房
The top floor provided living quarters for the kitchen staff.
顶层是厨房员工的住处。
Most of the officers live in married quarters (= houses where soldiers live with their wives ).
大多数军官居住在已婚军人宿舍里。
8
COLLEGE 大学
one of the four periods into which a year at school or college is divided, continuing for 10 to 12 weeks AmE 学季〔四分之一学年，持续10至12周〕 【美】
→ semester
What classes are you taking this quarter?
这个学季你修哪些课？
9
MOON 月亮
the period of time twice a month when you can see a quarter of the moon’s surface 上弦；下弦
10
in/from ... quarters
among or from different groups of people 在/来自…团体
Offers of financial help came from several quarters.
多方人士提供了资金援助。
Doubts were expressed in many quarters.
许多团体都表达了疑虑。
11
all quarters of the Earth/globe
everywhere in the world literary 世界各地 【文】
12
give/receive no quarter
if someone gives no quarter, they do not show any pity or gentleness when dealing with someone, especially an enemy literary 不怜悯〔某人，尤指敌人〕/不被〔某人，尤指敌人〕怜悯 【文】
It was a fight to the death, with no quarter given.
那是一场殊死搏斗，谁也不会心慈手软。
→ at close quarters at 见 close 2 (20)
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（2）definition
n.
def‧i‧ni‧tion n. S2 W2 AC / ‚defɪ'nɪʃ ə n ‚defə'nɪʃ ə n ; ͵dɛfəˋnɪʃən /
英 / ‚defɪ'nɪʃ ə n /
1
[C] a phrase or sentence that says exactly what a word, phrase, or idea means 定义，释义
→ define
a dictionary definition
词典里的释义
[+ of ]
There are many definitions of the word ‘feminism’.
“女权主义” 一词有许多定义。
definition of sth as sth
the definition of God as infinite
认为上帝即无限者的定义
2
by definition
if something has a particular quality by definition, it must have that quality because all things of that type have it 必然〔有某种品质，因为同类事物全都有这种品质〕
People say that students are by definition idealistic and impatient.
人们说学生必定是理想主义的、躁动不安的。
3
[U] the clear edges, shapes, or sound that something has 清晰度，鲜明度
technologies such as high definition television
高清电视之类的技术
good muscle definition
健美而清晰的肌肉轮廓
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（3）virtual
adj.
vir‧tu‧al adj. [only before noun 仅用于名词前] AC / 'vɜːtʃuəl ; ˋvɝtʃuəl /
英 / 'vɜːtʃuəl /
1
very nearly a particular thing 几乎的
Car ownership is a virtual necessity when you live in the country.
住在乡下，拥有汽车几乎是必需的。
Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area.
要在这个地区租到便宜的房子几乎不可能。
2
made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather than in the real world 虚拟的，模拟的〔指通过计算机或网络〕
The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery.
这个网站可让你对美术馆作一番虚拟参观。
constructing virtual worlds
构筑虚拟世界
THESAURUS ARTIFICIAL
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（4）interlibrary
interlibrary /,intə'laibrəri/
adj.
1
(图书馆)馆际的；馆与馆之间的
以上来源于：21世纪大英汉词典
（5）bear
v. n.
频率
短语
bear 1 v. [T] S2 W2 / beə ; bɛr /
英 / beə /
( past tense bore , past participle borne )
1
deal with sth 应付某事
to bravely accept or deal with a painful, difficult, or upsetting situation 忍受，忍耐，经受住
SYN stand
She was afraid she wouldn’t be able to bear the pain.
她恐怕自己忍受不了这种痛苦。
Overcrowding makes prison life even harder to bear.
过度拥挤使监狱生活更加难以忍受。
Make the water as hot as you can bear .
把水温调到你能忍受的最高温度。
The humiliation was more than he could bear .
这样的羞辱是他万万不能忍受的。
Black people continue to bear the brunt of most racial violence (= have to deal with the most difficult or damaging part ) .
在大多数种族暴力事件中，黑人仍然是首当其冲的受害群体。
Passengers could be insulting, and stewardesses just had to grin and bear it (= accept it without complaining ) .
乘客有时会破口大骂，而乘务员只能微笑着默默忍受。
Experts were worried the financial system would not be able to bear the strain .
专家担心现行金融体系承受不了这样的压力。
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say that they can’t stand something, rather than that they can't bear it 在日常英语中，人们一般说can’t stand，而不说can’t bear
I couldn’t stand the noise any longer.
我再也受不了那噪音了。
2
can’t bear sth
1) to be so upset about something that you feel unable to accept it or let it happen 接受不了某事
SYN can’t stand
Please don’t leave me. I couldn’t bear it.
请你不要离开我，我受不了。
can’t bear the thought of (doing) sth
I just can’t bear the thought of having to start all over.
我想都不敢想要从头开始。
can’t bear to do sth
I can’t bear to see her cry.
我不忍心看见她哭。
can’t bear doing sth
I couldn’t bear not seeing him again.
我不能忍受再也见不到他。
2) to dislike something or someone very much, often so that they make you feel annoyed or impatient 忍受不了某事/某人
SYN can’t stand
Oh, I really can’t bear him.
噢，我实在受不了他。
can’t bear sb doing sth
He can’t bear people smoking while he’s eating.
他受不了有人在他吃饭的时候吸烟。
can’t bear doing sth
I can’t bear being cold.
我怕冷。
3
bear (sth) in mind
to remember a fact or piece of information that is important or could be useful in the future 记住（某事），把（某事）记在心里
SYN keep (sth) in mind
bear in mind (that)
Bear in mind that some children will need help.
记住，有些孩子需要帮助。
4
accept/be responsible for 接受/承担
to be responsible for or accept something formal 承担，负担 【正式】
Fares have gone up, perhaps to more than the market will bear.
票价上涨了，而且可能超出了市场的承受能力。
bear the costs/burden
Each company will bear half the costs of development.
两家公司将均摊开发费用。
bear the responsibility/blame etc
Developed countries bear much of the responsibility for environmental problems.
发达国家对环境问题负有主要责任。
5
support 支持
to be under something and support it 支撑，承受，支承〔重量〕
SYN hold
My leg was painful, and I wasn’t sure it would bear my weight .
我的腿痛，不知道是否还能承受我身体的重量。
a tray bearing a bottle and several glasses
摆着一个瓶子和几个杯子的托盘
a load-bearing wall
承重墙
6
sign/mark 标记/记号
to have or show a sign, mark, or particular appearance, especially when this shows that something has happened or is true formal 带有〔某种标记或外观特征〕 【正式】
SYN have
The letter bore no signature.
这封信上没有署名。
a car bearing diplomatic license plates
挂外交牌照的车
The labels bear a yellow and black symbol.
标签上有一个黄黑两色的标记。
The town still bears the scars of the bombings during the war.
城里依然可见战时轰炸留下的疮痍。
The store bears the hallmarks (= it has the qualities ) of a family-owned business.
这个商店有家族企业的特色。
7
bear a resemblance/relation to sb/sth
to be similar to someone or something else 与某人/某物相似/有关
The child bore a striking resemblance to his father.
这个孩子长得跟他父亲非常相像。
The things she says bear little relation to what she actually does.
她言行不一。
8
baby 婴儿
to give birth to a baby formal 生育 【正式】
She might never be able to bear children.
她可能永远无法生育。
bear sb a child/son/daughter
She bore him three sons.
她为他生了三个儿子。
9
bear fruit
1) if a plan, decision etc bears fruit, it is successful, especially after a long period of time 〔尤指计划、决定等经过长时间之后〕有成果，成功
Charles’s diplomacy eventually bore fruit.
查尔斯的外交手段终于取得了成果。
2) if a tree bears fruit, it produces fruit 〔树〕结果
10
able to be examined/compared etc 经得起检验/比较等
[of ten in negatives 常用于否定句] to be suitable or good enough to be examined, compared, repeated etc without failing or being wrong 经得起〔检验、比较、重复等〕
The production figures did not bear scrutiny .
这个产量数据经不起推敲。
We believe our pupils’ results will bear comparison with any in Scotland.
我们相信，我校学生的成绩堪与苏格兰的任何一所学校相比。
The story is well known, but it certainly bears repeating .
这个故事是广为人知的，但它无疑也经得起传诵。
11
sth doesn’t bear thinking about
used to say that something is so upsetting or shocking that you prefer not to think about it 某事不堪设想
The long-term consequences of a nuclear leak don’t bear thinking about.
核泄漏造成的长期后果不堪设想。
12
bear interest
if a bank account, investment etc bears interest, the bank pays you a particular amount of money for keeping your money in the account 生利息
13
carry 携带
to carry someone or something, especially something important literary 携带〔尤指重要的东西〕 【文】
The wedding guests arrived, bearing gifts.
参加婚礼的宾客带着礼物到来。
The US Constitution states that the people have a right to bear arms .
美国宪法上写明民众有权携带武器。
14
bring pressure/influence to bear (on sb/sth)
to use your influence or power to get what you want （对某人/某物）施加压力/影响
Unions can bring pressure to bear on governments.
工会可以对政府施加压力。
15
bear witness/testimony to sth
to show that something is true or exists formal 见证某事，为某事证明 【正式】
The empty workshops bear witness to the industrial past.
空空的工场见证了工业的历史。
16
have feelings 怀有某种情感
to have a particular feeling, especially a bad feeling formal 怀有〔某种情感，尤指不好的情感〕 【正式】
bear (sb) a grudge (= continue to feel annoyed after a long time) （对某人）怀恨在心
It was an accident. I don’t bear any grudges.
这是个意外，我并没有放在心上。
bear sb no malice/ill will etc (= not feel angry) 对某人没有恶意/敌意等
He was just doing his job, and I bore him no malice.
他只是在做他的工作，我不怨他。
17
bear right/left
to turn towards the right or left 向右转/向左转
When you reach the fork in the trail, bear left.
走到小路分岔的地方时左转。
18
bear yourself
to walk, stand etc in a particular way, especially when this shows your character formal 表现；保持某种举止 【正式】
She bore herself with great dignity.
她端庄极了。
19
wind/water 风/水
if wind, water, or air bears something, it carries it somewhere literary 吹动；传送 【文】
The sound of music was borne along on the wind.
乐声随风飘送。
20
name/title 姓名/头衔
to have a particular name or title formal 具有，拥有〔名字或头衔〕 【正式】
He bore the name ‘Magnus’.
他有“伟大者”之称。
FREQUENCY 频率
Frequencies of the verbs bear, stand, and endure in spoken and written English, with the meaning 'accept or deal with an unpleasant situation'. 动词bear，stand和endure(作“忍受”解时)在英语口语和书面语中的使用频率。}
PHRVB 短语动词
bear down phr v
1
bear down on sb/sth
2
to use all your strength and effort to push or press down on something 使劲推，用力压下
bear on/upon sth phr v formal
to relate to and possibly influence something 与…有联系，与…有关 【正式】
the national policies which bear on these problems
涉及此类问题的国家政策
bear sb/sth←→ out phr v
if facts or information bear out a claim, story, opinion etc, they help to prove that it is true 为…作证，证实，支持〔某种说法、看法等〕
SYN support
Evidence bears out the idea that students learn best in small groups.
有证据显示，学生以小组方式学习效果最佳。
bear up phr v
to show courage or determination during a difficult or unpleasant time 〔在困难的时候〕支持住，挺住
How is he bearing up since the accident?
那次事故以后他是怎么挺过来的？
bear with sb/sth phr v
1
bear with me
used to ask someone politely to wait while you find out information, finish what you are doing etc spoken 等我一会儿，请你稍等〔用于礼貌地请求某人等你找出信息、做完手头的事情等〕 【口】
Bear with me a minute, and I’ll check if Mr Garrard’s in.
请等一下，我看看加勒德先生在不在。
2
to be patient or continue to do something difficult or unpleasant 容忍，忍耐
It’s boring, but please bear with it.
是很没劲，但请你忍耐一下。
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（6）hacker
n.
hack‧er n. [C] / 'hækə ; ˋhækɚ / informal
英 / 'hækə /
1
someone who secretly uses or changes the information in other people’s computer systems 〔计算机〕黑客 【非正式】
A hacker had managed to get into the system.
一个黑客设法侵入了系统。
—hacking n [U]
the threat of hacking and computer viruses
黑客侵入和计算机病毒的威胁
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（7）precisely
adv.
pre‧cise‧ly adv. S2 W3 AC / prɪ'saɪsli ; prɪˋsaɪslɪ /
英 / prɪ'saɪsli /
1
exactly and correctly 精确地，确切地，准确地
SYN exactly
Temperature can be measured precisely.
温度可以精确地测量出来。
He arrived at precisely four o’clock.
他是4点整到的。
What, precisely, does that mean?
那究竟是什么意思？
Lathes make wheels, or, more precisely , they make cylindrical objects.
车床可以车削轮子，更确切地说，可以车削圆柱形物体。
precisely what/how/where etc
It is difficult to know precisely how much impact the changes will have.
很难准确了解这些变化会造成多大影响。
THESAURUS EXACTLY
2
used to emphasize that a particular thing is completely true or correct 恰好，正是〔用于强调〕
Women in these jobs are paid less precisely because most of the jobs are held by women rather than men.
从事这些工作的女性报酬之所以较低正是因为做这些工作的人大部分是女性而不是男性。
She’s precisely the kind of person we’re looking for.
她正是我们要找的那种人。
3
used to say that you agree completely with someone spoken formal 对，确实如此 【口，正式】
‘It needs to be dealt with now.’ ‘Precisely, before it gets any worse.’
“现在应该处理这件事了。”“确实如此，趁它还没有变得更糟。”
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（8）institution
n.
in‧sti‧tu‧tion n. W1 AC / ‚ɪnstɪ'tjuːʃən ‚ɪnstə'tjuːʃən ; ͵ɪnstəˋtuʃən /
英 / ‚ɪnstɪ'tjuːʃən /
1
[C] a large organization that has a particular kind of work or purpose 机构，团体
powerful institutions such as world banks
诸如世界银行之类的强大机构
the Institution of Electrical Engineers
电机工程师学会
financial/educational/research etc institution
the government and other political institutions
政府和其他政治机构
THESAURUS ORGANIZATION
2
[C] an important system of organization in society that has existed for a long time 〔由来已久的〕制度
social institutions such as the family and religion
家庭和宗教这一类社会制度
the institution of marriage/monarchy etc
The scandal threatened to undermine the institution of the presidency.
丑闻可能削弱总统制。
3
[C] a building that people are sent to when they need to be looked after, for example old people or children with no parents – often used to show disapproval 慈善机构；社会福利机构〔常含贬义〕
I was determined not to put my mother in an institution.
我决意不送母亲去养老院。
a mental institution
精神病院
4
[U] when something is started or introduced, especially something relating to the law or politics 〔尤指与法律或政治有关的〕开创，制定
[+ of ]
the institution of divorce proceedings
离婚诉讼程序的制定
5
be an institution
if a person, place, event etc is an institution, they have been an important part of a place for a very long time – often used humorously 是〔某地长期以来〕重要[出名]的人[地点，事件等]〔常为幽默用法〕
The British pub isn’t just somewhere to drink – it’s an institution.
这家英式酒吧不仅仅是喝酒的地方——它享有盛名。
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（9）fetch
v. n.
短语
fetch 1 v. [T] S3 / fetʃ ; fɛtʃ /
英 / fetʃ /
1
to go and get something or someone and bring them back especially BrE （去）拿来；（去）请来；（去）找来 【尤英】
Quick! Go and fetch a doctor.
快！去请医生来。
Shannon went upstairs to fetch some blankets.
香农上楼去拿些毯子。
fetch sb/sth from sth
Would you mind going to fetch the kids from school?
你去接孩子们放学好吗？
fetch sb sth/fetch sth for sb
Fetch me some coffee while you’re up.
反正你已经起来了，就给我弄些咖啡来吧。
2
to be sold for a particular amount of money, especially at a public sale – used especially in news reports 卖得，售得〔尤用于新闻报道〕
The painting is expected to fetch at least $20 million.
这幅画预计至少能卖两千万美元。
THESAURUS COST
3
fetch and carry
to do simple and boring jobs for someone as if you were their servant 做杂务，打杂
Am I supposed to fetch and carry for him all day?
难道要我整天替他打杂吗？
4
to make people react in a particular way BrE 使作出〔某种反应〕；吸引来；引起 【英】
This announcement fetched a huge cheer from the audience.
这一宣告博得听众极其热烈的欢呼声。
PHRVB 短语动词
fetch up phr v [always + adv/prep] BrE informal
to arrive somewhere without intending to 意外到达 【英，非正式】
SYN end up
I fell asleep on the train and fetched up in Glasgow.
我在火车上睡着了，竟然到了格拉斯哥。
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（10）occupational
adj.
oc‧cu‧pa‧tion‧al adj. AC / ‚ɒkjʊ'peɪʃənəl ‚ɒkjə'peɪʃənəl ; ͵ɑkjəˋpeʃənḷ /
英 / ‚ɒkjʊ'peɪʃənəl /
1
[only before noun 仅用于名词前] relating to or caused by your job 职业的，工作的；由职业引起的
occupational pension schemes
职业退休金计划
an occupational health centre
职业医疗保健中心
occupational disease
职业病
Getting injured is an occupational hazard (= a risk that always exists in a particular job or activity ) of the sport.
受伤是这项运动的职业性危害。
—occupationally adv
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（11）gratification
gratification /,ɡrætifi'keiʃən/
n.
1
满足，满意，喜悦；满足感
2
令人满足(或满意)的事，可喜的事
3
使…感到喜悦(的行为)，使…得到满足(的行为)
4
[古语]奖金；报酬；赏钱
5
【心理学】心理报酬
以上来源于：21世纪大英汉词典
（12）standardized
standardize /ˈstændəˌdaɪz/ TEM4
(standardizing, standardized, standardizes)
1
V-T To standardize things means to change them so that they all have the same features. 使标准化
There is a drive both to standardize components and to reduce the number of models.
有一种使零部件标准化并减少型号数量的需求。
2
N-UNCOUNT 标准化
...the standardization of working hours.
…工作时间的标准化。
standardization
以上来源于：《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》
（13）plethora
n.
pleth‧o‧ra n. / 'pleθərə ; ˋplɛθərə /
英 / 'pleθərə /
1
a plethora of sth
a very large number of something, usually more than you need formal 过多［过量］某事物 【正式】
a plethora of suggestions
一大堆建议
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（14）discipline
n. v.
dis‧ci‧pline 1 n. S3 W3 / 'dɪsɪplɪn 'dɪsɪplən 'dɪsəplɪn 'dɪsəplən ; ˋdɪsəplɪn /
英 / 'dɪsɪplɪn /
1
[U] a way of training someone so that they learn to control their behaviour and obey rules 训练，管教
The book gives parents advice on discipline.
这本书指导父母如何管教孩子。
serious discipline problems in the police force
警察队伍内严重的纪律问题
2
[U] the ability to control your own behaviour, so that you do what you are expected to do 自制力
Working from home requires a good deal of discipline.
在家上班要有很强的自制力。
→ self-discipline
3
[C,U] a way of training your mind or learning to control your behaviour 〔思想或行为的〕纪律，训练
Martial arts teach respect, discipline, and cooperation.
武术能教人尊重他人、遵守纪律并且相互合作。
[+ for ]
Learning poetry is a good discipline for the memory.
背诗是训练记忆力的一种好方法。
4
[C] an area of knowledge or teaching, especially one such as history, chemistry, mathematics etc that is studied at a university 〔尤指大学的〕专业，科目
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（15）colloquia
colloquia /kə'ləukwiə/
n.
1
colloquium的变形
colloquium /kə'ləukwiəm/
n.
1
学术讨论会，专家讨论会
2
学术报告
变形
n. colloquia / colloquiums
以上来源于：21世纪大英汉词典
（16）symposia
symposium /sɪmˈpəʊzɪəm/ CET6 TEM4
1
N-COUNT A symposium is a conference in which experts or academics discuss a particular subject. 专题研讨会
He had been taking part in an international symposium on population.
他那时在参加一个有关人口的国际研讨会。
以上来源于：《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》
（17）expand
v.
短语
ex‧pand v. S3 W3 AC / ɪk'spænd ; ɪkˋspænd /
英 / ɪk'spænd /
1
[I,T] to become larger in size, number, or amount, or to make something become larger (使)扩大；增加
OPP contract
→ expansion
Water expands as it freezes.
水结冰时会膨胀。
Sydney’s population expanded rapidly in the 1960s.
20世纪60年代，悉尼的人口迅速增加。
exercises that expand the chest muscles
扩展胸肌的运动
his expanding waistline
他那逐渐增大的腰围
THESAURUS INCREASE 1
2
[I,T] if a company, business etc expands, or if someone expands it, they open new shops, factories etc 扩展〔业务〕
→ expansion
The computer industry has expanded greatly over the last decade.
计算机行业在过去十年间大大地发展起来。
The hotel wants to expand its business by adding a swimming pool.
该酒店想添个游泳池来扩展业务。
the rapidly expanding field of information technology
迅速发展的信息技术领域
[+ into ]
We have plans to expand into the U.S. market.
我们有计划把业务扩展到美国市场。
3
[I] to become more confident and start to talk more literary 变得更自信[善谈] 【文】
After a few whiskies he started to expand a little.
几杯威士忌下肚，他打开了话匣子。
PHRVB 短语动词
expand on/upon sth phr v
to add more details or information to something that you have already said 详述，进一步说明
Payne later expanded on his initial statement.
佩恩后来对他最初的声明作了进一步说明。
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（18）horizon
n.
ho‧ri‧zon n. / hə'raɪz ə n ; həˋraɪzṇ /
英 / hə'raɪz ə n /
1
the horizon
the line far away where the land or sea seems to meet the sky 地平线
on the horizon
We could see a ship on the horizon.
我们能看见地平线上有一艘船。
常见错误 do not say 不要说 ‘in the horizon’. Say 而要说 on the horizon.
2
horizons
[plural 复数] the limit of your ideas, knowledge, and experience 〔思想、知识和经验的〕范围，界限；眼界
broaden/expand sb’s horizons
a course of study that will broaden your horizons
一门能开阔眼界的课程
3
on the horizon
to seem likely to happen in the future 将要发生
Business is good now, but there are a few problems on the horizon.
目前的生意很好，但有几个问题已初露端倪了。
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（19）force
n. v.
force 1 n. S2 W1 / fɔːs ; fɔrs /
英 / fɔːs /
1
MILITARY 军事的
→ air force , armed forces , ground forces , peacekeeping force at 见 peacekeeping , security forces at 见 security (1) , task force (2)
1) [C usually plural 一般用复数] a group of people who have been trained to do military work for a government or other organization 武装部队，部队
government/military/defence etc forces
The riots were suppressed by government forces.
暴乱被政府军镇压了。
He strengthened US forces in the Gulf.
他加强了美军在海湾地区的军力。
a plan to disarm the rebel forces
解除叛军武装的计划
2) the army, navy, and air force BrE 武装力量；陆海空三军部队；军队 【英】
in the forces
Both her sons are in the forces.
她的两个儿子都在军队里。
3) nuclear weapons or ordinary weapons 核武器/常规武器
short-range nuclear forces
短程核武器
2
MILITARY ACTION 军事行动
[U] military action used as a way of achieving your aims 军事行动，武力
Peace cannot be imposed by force .
和平不能通过武力来实现。
The UN will allow the use of force against aircraft violating the zone.
联合国将允许对侵犯这一地区的飞机采取军事行动。
3
VIOLENCE 暴力
[U] violent physical action used to get what you want 〔为得到某结果而使用的〕暴力，武力
The police used force to overpower the demonstrators.
警方动用了武力来制服示威者。
They kicked the door down using sheer brute force .
他们全凭蛮力将门踹倒了。
by force
In the end he had to be thrown out of the house by force.
到最后，人们不得不强行把他赶出了房子。
4
PHYSICAL POWER 力
[U] the amount of physical power with which something moves or hits another thing 〔物体移动或撞击时的〕力，力量
→ strength
[+ of ]
The force of the explosion blew out all the windows.
爆炸的冲力把所有的窗子都震碎了。
with great/considerable/increasing etc force
He raised his hand and struck her with terrifying force.
他举起手，狠命地打她。
5
NATURAL POWER 自然力
[C,U] a natural power or event 自然力
the force of gravity
引力
powerful natural forces such as earthquakes, floods, and drought
地震、洪水、干旱等强大的自然力
the forces of nature
大自然的威力
6
ORGANIZED GROUP 有组织的团体
[C usually singular 一般用单数] a group of people who have been trained and organized to do a particular job 〔受过训练、有组织地做某一件事的〕一群人
the company’s sales force
该公司的销售队伍
the quality of the teaching force
教师队伍的素质
→ police force
7
STRONG INFLUENCE 强烈的影响
[C] something or someone who is powerful and has a lot of influence on the way things happen 〔对事情发展〕有影响力的事物[人]
He’s a quick and decisive player – a force to be reckoned with (= a person, team, company etc that influences what happens ) .
他打球敏捷果断，是个不可小觑的人物。
The fall in prices was due to forces beyond their control .
价格下降是由他们无法控制的因素造成的。
the driving force (behind sth/sb) (= the person or thing that makes something happen) （某人/某事背后的）推动力
Betty Coward was the driving force behind the project.
贝蒂•科沃德是这个项目的推动者。
a force for change/peace/democracy etc (= someone or something that makes change, peace etc more likely to happen) 变革/和平/民主等的推动力
Healthy competition is a force for innovation.
良性竞争是革新的推动力。
→ market forces
8
POWERFUL EFFECT 威力
[U] the powerful effect that something has on you 〔某事物产生的〕威力，影响力
Even after 30 years, the play has lost none of its force.
即便在30年之后，这出戏的感染力也丝毫未减。
the force of his personality
他的人格魅力
9
join/combine forces (with sb/sth)
to work together so that you can deal with a problem, be more powerful etc 〔为解决问题、壮大力量等而〕（与某人/某组织）联合，合作，同心协力
join forces to do sth
Local schools have joined forces with each other to share facilities.
当地学校携手合作，共享设施。
10
in force
1) if a law, rule etc is in force, it already exists 〔法律、法规等〕已生效，在实施中
The trade embargo has been in force for a year.
贸易禁令已经实施一年了。
2) in a large group, especially in order to protest about something 大量，众多〔尤为抗议某事〕
SYN in large numbers
Villagers turned out in force to protest about the new road.
众多村民出来反对修筑新公路。
11
come into force/bring sth into force
if a new law, rule, change etc comes or is brought into force, it starts to exist 开始生效/使某法规开始实施
Parking restrictions in the town centre came into force last month.
市中心限制停车的法规于上月开始实施。
12
by/through/out of force of habit
because you have always done a particular thing and it is difficult to change 出于习惯
I get up at 6 o’clock every day out of force of habit.
出于习惯，我每天6点钟起床。
13
by/through force of circumstance(s)
if something happens by force of circumstance, events outside your control make it happen BrE 由于形势的影响 【英】
14
WIND 风
1) a unit for measuring the strength of the wind 风力8/9/10级等
2) extremely strong wind that does a lot of damage 〔能造成巨大破坏的〕大风/飓风
15
POLICE 警察 the force
a word meaning the police force , used especially by police officers 警察部队〔尤为警方用语〕
16
the forces of good/evil etc
people or things that increase the amount of good or bad in the world literary 善/恶等的力量 【文】
the battle against the forces of evil
与恶势力的较量
→ labour force tour de force workforce
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》
（20）spectrum
n.
spec‧trum n. [C] / 'spektrəm ; ˋspɛktrəm /
英 / 'spektrəm /
( plural spectra / -trə ; -trə / )
1
a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite 〔观点、人、情况等的〕范围，幅度
The two articles here represent opposite ends of the spectrum .
这里的两篇文章代表了两个极端的观点。
[+ of ]
the ethnic spectrum of America
美国的各种族
across the spectrum
The bill drew support from across the political spectrum.
这项议案得到了各个政治派别的支持。
broad/wide/full etc spectrum
a broad spectrum of environmental groups
各式各样的环境保护团体
2
the set of bands of coloured light into which a beam of light separates when it is passed through a prism 光谱
3
a complete range of radio, sound etc waves 频谱
the electromagnetic spectrum
电磁（波）谱
以上来源于：《朗文当代高级英语辞典》