如何用Pivot实现行列转换

在Oracle中,如果要实现行列转换,较为常见的是用DECODE和CASE语句。对于简单的行列转行,DECODE和CASE语句尚能应付。在逻辑比较复杂,分组聚合较多的场景中,DECODE和CASE语句则力有不逮。而pivot则可完美解决这一切。

首先,我们来看看Oracle对于其的解释:

可见,pivot是数据仓库中的关键技术,它利用交叉查询(crosstabulation query)将行转换为列。

基本语法如下:

SELECT ....
FROM <table-expr>
   PIVOT
     (
      aggregate-function(<column>)
      FOR <pivot-column> IN (<value1>, <value2>,..., <valuen>)
        ) AS <alias>
WHERE .....

下面我们来通过具体的案例对其进行阐述。

首先,构造案例所需的数据,

1> 创建视图,以EMP表的数据作为源数据。

CREATE VIEW emp_view AS
SELECT
 deptno,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyy') hiredate,
 count(*) cnt,sum(sal) sum_sal
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyy');

其中,deptno为部门号,job为工作的类型(即工种),hiredate为雇佣的日期,cnt为特定部门,特定工种在特定年份雇佣的员工的总数,sum_sal为特定部门,特定工种,特定年份雇佣的员工的工资的总和。

2> 视图的数据如下:

SQL> select * from emp_view;

    DEPTNO JOB       HIRE        CNT    SUM_SAL
---------- --------- ---- ---------- ----------
        20 CLERK     1980          1        800
        20 ANALYST   1981          1       3000
        20 ANALYST   1987          1       3000
        30 CLERK     1981          1        950
        30 MANAGER   1981          1       2850
        10 MANAGER   1981          1       2450
        30 SALESMAN  1981          4       5600
        20 MANAGER   1981          1       2975
        10 PRESIDENT 1981          1       5000
        10 CLERK     1982          1       1300
        20 CLERK     1987          1       1100

11 rows selected.

应用场景一:

基本的Pivot转换

例1:

SELECT * FROM
( SELECT deptno,hiredate,cnt
  FROM emp_view
 ) PIVOT (SUM(cnt)
   FOR hiredate IN ('1980' AS "1980",'1981' AS "1981",
                    '1982' AS "1982",'1987' AS "1987"))
ORDER BY deptno;

    DEPTNO       1980       1981       1982       1987
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
        10                     2          1
        20          1          2                     2
        30                     6

3 rows selected.

例2:

SELECT * FROM
( SELECT deptno,job,cnt
  FROM emp_view
 ) PIVOT (SUM(cnt)
   FOR job IN ('CLERK','ANALYST','MANAGER','SALESMAN','PRESIDENT'))
ORDER BY deptno;

    DEPTNO    'CLERK'  'ANALYST'  'MANAGER' 'SALESMAN' 'PRESIDENT'
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------
        10          1                     1                      1
        20          2          2          1
        30          1                     1          4

3 rows selected.

两例以不同的列进行统计,前者是hiredate,后者是job。

除此之外,前者用了别名,后面没有用别名,两者的显示效果也是不一样的。

应用场景二:

对多列进行Pivot转换

SELECT * FROM
( SELECT deptno,job,hiredate,cnt
  FROM emp_view
 ) PIVOT (SUM(cnt)
            FOR (job,hiredate) IN
              (('CLERK','1980') AS clerk_1980,
               ('CLERK','1981') AS clerk_1981,
               ('ANALYST','1987') AS analyst_1987,
               ('MANAGER','1981') AS manager_1981
              )
           )
ORDER by deptno;

    DEPTNO CLERK_1980 CLERK_1981 ANALYST_1987 MANAGER_1981
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------
        10                                               1
        20          1                       1            1
        30                     1                         1

3 rows selected.

限于篇幅,FOR (job,hiredate) IN语句中没有列出更多组合,只列出了四组,当然,我们可以根据实际场景需要罗列更多的组合。

从本例中可以看出,对两个列进行Pivot转换可从三个维度呈现统计结果。

应用场景三:

用Pivot实现多个聚合

SELECT * FROM
( SELECT deptno,hiredate,cnt,sum_sal
  FROM emp_view
 ) PIVOT ( SUM(cnt) AS cnt,
           SUM(sum_sal) AS sum_sal
           FOR hiredate IN ('1980','1981','1982','1987'))
ORDER BY deptno;

    DEPTNO '1980'_CNT '1980'_SUM_SAL '1981'_CNT '1981'_SUM_SAL '1982'_CNT '1982'_SUM_SAL '1987'_CNT '1987'_SUM_SAL
---------- ---------- -------------- ---------- -------------- ---------- -------------- ---------- --------------
        10                                    2           7450          1           1300
        20          1            800          2           5975                                    2           4100
        30                                    6           9400

3 rows selected.

'1981'_CNT指的是1981年雇佣的员工的总数,'1981'_SUM_SAL指的是1981年雇佣员工所开出的工资。

具体到本例中,即1981年10号部门招聘了2位员工,开出的工资合计为7450元,20号部门招聘了2位员工,开出的工资合计为5975元,30号部门招聘了6名员工,开出的工资合计为9400元,依次类推。

既然有pivot将行转换为列,同样也有unpivot操作将聚合后的列转换为行。

 

UNPIVOT

以上述应用场景三的结果作为源数据进行操作

CREATE TABLE T1 AS
SELECT * FROM
( SELECT deptno,hiredate,cnt,sum_sal
  FROM emp_view
 ) PIVOT ( SUM(cnt) AS cnt,
           SUM(sum_sal) AS sum_sal
           FOR hiredate IN ('1980' AS "1980",'1981' AS "1981",
                            '1982' AS "1982",'1987' AS "1987"))
ORDER BY deptno

表T1的结果为:

SQL> select * from t1;

    DEPTNO   1980_CNT 1980_SUM_SAL   1981_CNT 1981_SUM_SAL   1982_CNT 1982_SUM_SAL   1987_CNT 1987_SUM_SAL
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------
        10                                  2         7450          1         1300
        20          1          800          2         5975                                  2         4100
        30                                  6         9400

3 rows selected.

首先进行一维unpivot

SELECT deptno,DECODE(hiredate,'1980_CNT','1980','1981_CNT','1981','1982_CNT','1982','1987_CNT','1987') AS hiredate,cnt
FROM T1
UNPIVOT INCLUDE NULLS
( cnt
  FOR hiredate IN ("1980_CNT","1981_CNT","1982_CNT","1987_CNT"));

    DEPTNO HIRE        CNT
---------- ---- ----------
        10 1980
        10 1981          2
        10 1982          1
        10 1987
        20 1980          1
        20 1981          2
        20 1982
        20 1987          2
        30 1980
        30 1981          6
        30 1982
        30 1987

12 rows selected.

输出的结果为不同部门在不同年份的雇佣人数,

注意:上述SQL语句中UNPIVOT后加了INCLUDE NULLS,当然也可以指定为EXCLUDE NULLS,即排除cnt为空的值,如果不指定,则默认为EXCLUDE NULLS。

UNPIVOT后不指定INCLUDE NULLS的输入结果为:

    DEPTNO HIRE        CNT
---------- ---- ----------
        10 1981          2
        10 1982          1
        20 1980          1
        20 1981          2
        20 1987          2
        30 1981          6

6 rows selected.

下面,我们再进行二维unpivot

SELECT deptno,hiredate,cnt,sum_sal
FROM T1
UNPIVOT
( (cnt,sum_sal)
  FOR hiredate IN (("1980_CNT","1980_SUM_SAL") AS 1980,
                   ("1981_CNT","1981_SUM_SAL") AS 1981,
                   ("1982_CNT","1982_SUM_SAL") AS 1982,
                   ("1987_CNT","1987_SUM_SAL") AS 1987));

    DEPTNO   HIREDATE        CNT    SUM_SAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
        10       1981          2       7450
        10       1982          1       1300
        20       1980          1        800
        20       1981          2       5975
        20       1987          2       4100
        30       1981          6       9400

6 rows selected.

输入结果为T1表列转行的结果。

参考文档:

SQL for Analysis and Reporting

 

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