Android消息机制(一):主要流程与原理解析

1.概述

  • Android消息机制主要是指Handler的运行机制
  • 更新UI只是Handler的其中一个特殊的使用场景
  • 在Android开发中,只允许主线程更新UI(为了保证UI操作是线程安全的)
  • 使用Handler机制,在子线程中完成耗时操作后可以切换到主线程更新UI

2.主要成员

Android消息机制(一):主要流程与原理解析_第1张图片

Message

  • 线程间通讯的数据单元,存储信息
  • Message分为3种:普通消息(同步消息)屏障消息(同步屏障)异步消息
  • 通常使用的都是普通消息,屏障消息就是为了确保异步消息的优先级,设置了屏障后,只能处理其后的异步消息,同步消息会被挡住,除非撤销屏障

MessageQueue

  • 存储消息、取走消息
  • 单链表数据结构存储
  • 先进先出,会根据消息执行的时间排序

Handler

  • 发送各种消息到MessageQueue,处理Looper分发过来的消息
  • Handler创建时需要当前线程的Looper来构建消息循环系统(从ThreadLocal中获取当前线程的Looper)

Looper

  • 无限消息循环,从MessageQueue中取出消息,并分发给对应的Handler
  • 线程默认是没有Looper的,如果需要使用Handler,就必须手动为线程创建Handler * 主线程(ActivityThread)在创建时就已经初始化了Looper

Thread、Looper和Handler之间的数量对应关系

  • 1个Thread只能绑定1个Looper,但可以有多个Handler
  • 1个Looper可以绑定多个Handler
  • 1个Handler只能绑定一个Looper

ThreadLocal:
线程本地存储区(Thread Local Storage,简称为TLS),每个线程都有自己的私有的本地存储区域,不同线程之间彼此不能访问对方的TLS区域。Looper类利用了ThreadLocal的特性,保证每个线程只存在一个Looper对象


3.消息机制的运行流程

Android消息机制(一):主要流程与原理解析_第2张图片
在子线程中执行完耗时操作后,使用Handler发送消息到MessageQueue,向消息队列中添加消息。然后Looper通过无限轮询,不断从MessageQueue中取出消息,分发给目标Handler处理,这样就切换到了Handler所在的主线程。


4.原理解析

Looper相关:

prepare():初始化一个Looper,并存储到ThreadLocal中:

public static void prepare() {
    prepare(true);//默认true,允许退出
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
    if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {//Looper类利用了ThreadLocal的特性,保证每个线程只存在一个Looper对象
        throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
    }
    sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

myLooper():在子线程中获取当前线程的Looper,内部是调用了ThreadLocal的get方法:

public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
    return sThreadLocal.get();
}

getMainLooper():在任意线程获取主线程的Looper:

public static Looper getMainLooper() {
    synchronized(Looper.class) {
        return sMainLooper;
    }
}

loop():无限轮询,不断地从MessageQueue中取出消息,然后交给目标Handler去处理:

public static void loop() {
    final Looper me = myLooper();
    if (me == null) {
        //当前线程必须初始化好Looper
        throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
    }
    final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

    ...

    for (;;) {
        Message msg = queue.next(); //next方法可能会阻塞
        if (msg == null) {//消息为空,退出循环
            return;
        }

    ...
    
        try {
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);//分发Message到目标Handler
            if (observer != null) {
                observer.messageDispatched(token, msg);
            }
            dispatchEnd = needEndTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0;
        }
        
    ...   

        msg.recycleUnchecked();
    }
}
Handler相关:

构造方法:

public Handler() {
    this(null, false);
}
public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback) {
    this(callback, false);
}
public Handler(@NonNull Looper looper) {
    this(looper, null, false);
}
public Handler(@NonNull Looper looper, @Nullable Callback callback) {
    this(looper, callback, false);
}
public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {
    ...

    mLooper = Looper.myLooper();//从当前线程的TLS中获取Looper对象
    if (mLooper == null) {//Looper不能为空
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
                    + " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
    }
    mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;//拿到Looper中的MessageQueue
    mCallback = callback;//回调
    mAsynchronous = async;//设置是否异步处理消息
}

Android中主线程在创建时就已经初始化好了Looper,Handler构造时不传Looper也能直接用:

//ActivityThread的main方法
public static void main(String[] args) {
    ...
    Looper.prepareMainLooper();
    ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
    thread.attach(false);

    if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
        sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
    }
    ...
    Looper.loop();
    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}

public static void prepareMainLooper() {
    prepare(false);//主线程的Looper不允许退出
    synchronized (Looper.class) {
        if (sMainLooper != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
        }
        sMainLooper = myLooper();
    }
}

如果想在子线程中创建Handler,必须在Handler创建时传入一个Looper,有以下两种方法:

1.先调用 Looper.prepare() 在当前线程初始化一个 Looper:

Looper.prepare();
Handler handler = new Handler();
// ....
// 这一步可别可少了
Looper.loop();

2.通过构造方法传入Looper:
注:如果是通过这种方式,一定要确保Handler处理消息的语句执行时looper已经准备妥当,可以参考HandlerThread的实现源码

Looper looper = .....;
Handler handler = new Handler(looper);

发送消息方法——send:

public final boolean sendMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
    return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what){
    return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
}
public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
    Message msg = Message.obtain();
    msg.what = what;
    return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
}
public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) {
    Message msg = Message.obtain();
    msg.what = what;
    return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
 public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(@NonNull Message msg, long delayMillis) {
    if (delayMillis < 0) {
        delayMillis = 0;
    }
    return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public final boolean sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(@NonNull Message msg) {
    MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
    if (queue == null) {
        RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
            this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
        Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        return false;
    }
    return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, 0);
}

发送消息方法——post:

public final boolean post(@NonNull Runnable r) {
   return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
  public final boolean postAtTime(@NonNull Runnable r, long uptimeMillis) {
    return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r), uptimeMillis);
}
public final boolean postAtTime(
        @NonNull Runnable r, @Nullable Object token, long uptimeMillis) {
    return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r, token), uptimeMillis);
}
public final boolean postDelayed(@NonNull Runnable r, long delayMillis) {
    return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis);
}

/** @hide */
public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, int what, long delayMillis) {
    return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r).setWhat(what), delayMillis);
}
public final boolean postDelayed(
        @NonNull Runnable r, @Nullable Object token, long delayMillis) {
    return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r, token), delayMillis);
}
public final boolean postAtFrontOfQueue(@NonNull Runnable r) {
    return sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(getPostMessage(r));
}

可以看出,不管是send还是post,最终都是调用了sendMessageAtTime方法:调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法将消息入队:

public boolean sendMessageAtTime(@NonNull Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
    if (queue == null) {
        RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
        Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        return false;
    }
    return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}

send和post的联系和区别

  • 两者本质上是没有区别的,都是发送一个消息到消息队列中,只不过post使用方式更简单
  • post会通过getPostMessage方法会将Runnable赋给callback,接下来还是和sendMessage一致的操作,进入sendMessageDelayed:
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
    Message m = Message.obtain();
    m.callback = r;
    return m;
}

dispatchMessage():处理MessageQueue分发过来的消息:

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
    //如果通过post发送消息,则callback不为空,直接进入handleCallback
    if (msg.callback != null) {
    handleCallback(msg);
    } else {
    //如果通过send发送消息
    if (mCallback != null) {//创建Handler时传进来了Callback
        if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
            return;
        }
    }
    handleMessage(msg);//创建Handler时没传Callback(常用)
    }
}
//调用Runnable的run方法,并不会启动新线程,所以post的runnable里面可以直接更新UI
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
    message.callback.run();
}

Handler与Looper如何关联?

  1. 无参构造方法,会从当前线程的ThreadLocal中去取Looper
  2. 通过构造方法传入Looper

Looper与Thread如何关联?
ThreadLocal(Looper.prepare)

MessageQueue相关:

enqueueMessage():往消息队列中添加一个消息:

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
            //...
            //mMessages是消息队列的表头
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
             //如果消息链表为空||当前的消息需要立即执行||当前的消息比消息链表头部的消息执行要早
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // 上面的条件都满足就将消息插入到链表的表头
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                Message prev;
                //根据消息的延迟时间排序,越早触发的消息在链表中的位置越靠前
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }
 
            //唤醒消息队列去取出消息,分发消息
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

关于Message.when

  • Message.when是一个时间,用于表示 Message期望被分发的时间,该值是 SystemClock.uptimeMillis()delayMillis之和。
  • SystemClock.uptimeMillis() 是一个表示当前时间的一个相对时间,它代表:自系统启动开始从0开始的到调用该方法时相差的毫秒数
  • Message.when 用时间差来表示先后关系

next():在Looper中通过loop()方法,不断地从MessageQueue获取消息。当队列中消息为空时,则会进行阻塞操作。

Message next() {
    ...
    int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; 
    int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    for (;;) {
        if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
            Binder.flushPendingCommands();
        }
        //会阻塞,除非被唤醒(如果有消息被插入到消息队列或者超时时间到)
        nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
        synchronized (this) {
            final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            Message prevMsg = null;
            Message msg = mMessages;
             //遇到屏障:msg.target == null
            if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                do {
                    prevMsg = msg;
                    msg = msg.next;
                    //遍历消息队列找到最近的一条异步消息
                } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
            }
            if (msg != null) {//没有遇到屏障||遇到屏障后找到异步消息
                if (now < msg.when) {
                    //当消息触发时间大于当前时间,则设置下一次轮询的超时时长
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                } else {// 获取一条消息,并返回
                    mBlocked = false;
                    if (prevMsg != null) {
                        prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                    } else {
                        mMessages = msg.next;
                    }
                    msg.next = null;
                    //设置消息的使用状态,即flags |= FLAG_IN_USE
                    msg.markInUse();
                    return msg;   //成功地获取MessageQueue中的下一条即将要执行的消息
                }
            } else {
                //没有消息
                nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
            }
         //消息正在退出,返回null
            if (mQuitting) {
                dispose();
                return null;
            }
            ...
    }
}

next()在没有消息的时候会阻塞,如何恢复?
当其他线程调用enqueueMessage再次插入消息时,就会被唤醒


参考资料:
https://blog.csdn.net/carson_ho/article/details/80175876
https://www.jianshu.com/p/f10cff5b4c25
https://www.jianshu.com/p/f70ee1765a61
https://www.jianshu.com/p/43d6cd7b06f1
http://www.dss886.com/2016/08/17/01/
https://blog.csdn.net/start_m...
https://blog.csdn.net/start_m...

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