本文为一个利用卷积神经网络实现花卉分类的项目,因此不会过多介绍卷积神经网络的基本知识。此项目建立在了解卷积神经网络进行图像分类的原理上进行的。
本项目为一个图像识别项目,基于tensorflow,利用CNN网络实现识别四种花的种类。
使用tensorflow进行一个完整的图像识别。项目包括对数据集的处理,从硬盘读取数据,CNN网络的定义,训练过程以及利用实际测试数据对训练好的模型结果进行测试功能。
训练数据存放路径为: ‘D:/ML/flower/input_data’
训练模型存储路径为:'D:/ML/flower/save/‘
测试样本路径及文件名为:'D:/ML/flower/flower_photos/roses/**.jpg‘
测试用图片文件从训练数据中任意拷贝一张即可。
训练数据如图
以roses种类的训练数据为例,文件夹内部均为该种类花的图像文件
示例代码主要由四个模块组成:
input_data.py——图像特征提取模块,模块生成四种花的品类图片路径及对应标签的List
model.py——模型模块,构建完整的CNN模型
train.py——训练模块,训练模型,并保存训练模型结果
test.py——测试模块,测试模型对图片识别的准确度
项目模块执行顺序
input_data.py——图像特征提取模块,模块生成四种花的品类图片路径及对应标签的List
import os
import math
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# -----------------生成图片路径和标签的List------------------------------------
train_dir = 'D:/ML/flower/input_data'
roses = []
label_roses = []
tulips = []
label_tulips = []
dandelion = []
label_dandelion = []
sunflowers = []
label_sunflowers = []
定义函数get_files,获取图片列表及标签列表
# step1:获取所有的图片路径名,存放到
# 对应的列表中,同时贴上标签,存放到label列表中。
def get_files(file_dir, ratio):
for file in os.listdir(file_dir + '/roses'):
roses.append(file_dir + '/roses' + '/' + file)
label_roses.append(0)
for file in os.listdir(file_dir + '/tulips'):
tulips.append(file_dir + '/tulips' + '/' + file)
label_tulips.append(1)
for file in os.listdir(file_dir + '/dandelion'):
dandelion.append(file_dir + '/dandelion' + '/' + file)
label_dandelion.append(2)
for file in os.listdir(file_dir + '/sunflowers'):
sunflowers.append(file_dir + '/sunflowers' + '/' + file)
label_sunflowers.append(3)
# step2:对生成的图片路径和标签List做打乱处理
image_list = np.hstack((roses, tulips, dandelion, sunflowers))
label_list = np.hstack((label_roses, label_tulips, label_dandelion, label_sunflowers))
# 利用shuffle打乱顺序
temp = np.array([image_list, label_list])
temp = temp.transpose()
np.random.shuffle(temp)
# 将所有的img和lab转换成list
all_image_list = list(temp[:, 0])
all_label_list = list(temp[:, 1])
# 将所得List分为两部分,一部分用来训练tra,一部分用来测试val
# ratio是测试集的比例
n_sample = len(all_label_list)
n_val = int(math.ceil(n_sample * ratio)) # 测试样本数
n_train = n_sample - n_val # 训练样本数
tra_images = all_image_list[0:n_train]
tra_labels = all_label_list[0:n_train]
tra_labels = [int(float(i)) for i in tra_labels]
val_images = all_image_list[n_train:-1]
val_labels = all_label_list[n_train:-1]
val_labels = [int(float(i)) for i in val_labels]
return tra_images, tra_labels, val_images, val_labels
定义函数get_batch,生成训练批次数据
# --------------------生成Batch----------------------------------------------
# step1:将上面生成的List传入get_batch() ,转换类型,产生一个输入队列queue,因为img和lab
# 是分开的,所以使用tf.train.slice_input_producer(),然后用tf.read_file()从队列中读取图像
# image_W, image_H, :设置好固定的图像高度和宽度
# 设置batch_size:每个batch要放多少张图片
# capacity:一个队列最大多少
定义函数get_batch,生成训练批次数据
def get_batch(image, label, image_W, image_H, batch_size, capacity):
# 转换类型
image = tf.cast(image, tf.string)
label = tf.cast(label, tf.int32)
# make an input queue
input_queue = tf.train.slice_input_producer([image, label])
label = input_queue[1]
image_contents = tf.read_file(input_queue[0]) # read img from a queue
# step2:将图像解码,不同类型的图像不能混在一起,要么只用jpeg,要么只用png等。
image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(image_contents, channels=3)
# step3:数据预处理,对图像进行旋转、缩放、裁剪、归一化等操作,让计算出的模型更健壮。
image = tf.image.resize_image_with_crop_or_pad(image, image_W, image_H)
image = tf.image.per_image_standardization(image)
# step4:生成batch
# image_batch: 4D tensor [batch_size, width, height, 3],dtype=tf.float32
# label_batch: 1D tensor [batch_size], dtype=tf.int32
image_batch, label_batch = tf.train.batch([image, label],
batch_size=batch_size,
num_threads=32,
capacity=capacity)
# 重新排列label,行数为[batch_size]
label_batch = tf.reshape(label_batch, [batch_size])
image_batch = tf.cast(image_batch, tf.float32)
return image_batch, label_batch
model.py——CN模型构建
import tensorflow as tf
#定义函数infence,定义CNN网络结构
#卷积神经网络,卷积加池化*2,全连接*2,softmax分类
#卷积层1
def inference(images, batch_size, n_classes):
with tf.variable_scope('conv1') as scope:
weights = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal(shape=[3,3,3,64],stddev=1.0,dtype=tf.float32),
name = 'weights',dtype=tf.float32)
biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(value=0.1, dtype=tf.float32, shape=[64]),
name='biases', dtype=tf.float32)
conv = tf.nn.conv2d(images, weights, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
pre_activation = tf.nn.bias_add(conv, biases)
conv1 = tf.nn.relu(pre_activation, name=scope.name)
# 池化层1
# 3x3最大池化,步长strides为2,池化后执行lrn()操作,局部响应归一化,对训练有利。
with tf.variable_scope('pooling1_lrn') as scope:
pool1 = tf.nn.max_pool(conv1, ksize=[1, 3, 3, 1], strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding='SAME', name='pooling1')
norm1 = tf.nn.lrn(pool1, depth_radius=4, bias=1.0, alpha=0.001 / 9.0, beta=0.75, name='norm1')
# 卷积层2
# 16个3x3的卷积核(16通道),padding=’SAME’,表示padding后卷积的图与原图尺寸一致,激活函数relu()
with tf.variable_scope('conv2') as scope:
weights = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal(shape=[3, 3, 64, 16], stddev=0.1, dtype=tf.float32),
name='weights', dtype=tf.float32)
biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(value=0.1, dtype=tf.float32, shape=[16]),
name='biases', dtype=tf.float32)
conv = tf.nn.conv2d(norm1, weights, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
pre_activation = tf.nn.bias_add(conv, biases)
conv2 = tf.nn.relu(pre_activation, name='conv2')
# 池化层2
# 3x3最大池化,步长strides为2,池化后执行lrn()操作,
# pool2 and norm2
with tf.variable_scope('pooling2_lrn') as scope:
norm2 = tf.nn.lrn(conv2, depth_radius=4, bias=1.0, alpha=0.001 / 9.0, beta=0.75, name='norm2')
pool2 = tf.nn.max_pool(norm2, ksize=[1, 3, 3, 1], strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME', name='pooling2')
# 全连接层3
# 128个神经元,将之前pool层的输出reshape成一行,激活函数relu()
with tf.variable_scope('local3') as scope:
reshape = tf.reshape(pool2, shape=[batch_size, -1])
dim = reshape.get_shape()[1].value
weights = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal(shape=[dim, 128], stddev=0.005, dtype=tf.float32),
name='weights', dtype=tf.float32)
biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(value=0.1, dtype=tf.float32, shape=[128]),
name='biases', dtype=tf.float32)
local3 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(reshape, weights) + biases, name=scope.name)
# 全连接层4
# 128个神经元,激活函数relu()
with tf.variable_scope('local4') as scope:
weights = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal(shape=[128, 128], stddev=0.005, dtype=tf.float32),
name='weights', dtype=tf.float32)
biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(value=0.1, dtype=tf.float32, shape=[128]),
name='biases', dtype=tf.float32)
local4 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(local3, weights) + biases, name='local4')
# dropout层
# with tf.variable_scope('dropout') as scope:
# drop_out = tf.nn.dropout(local4, 0.8)
# Softmax回归层
# 将前面的FC层输出,做一个线性回归,计算出每一类的得分
with tf.variable_scope('softmax_linear') as scope:
weights = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal(shape=[128, n_classes], stddev=0.005, dtype=tf.float32),
name='softmax_linear', dtype=tf.float32)
biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(value=0.1, dtype=tf.float32, shape=[n_classes]),
name='biases', dtype=tf.float32)
softmax_linear = tf.add(tf.matmul(local4, weights), biases, name='softmax_linear')
return softmax_linear
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# loss计算
# 传入参数:logits,网络计算输出值。labels,真实值,在这里是0或者1
# 返回参数:loss,损失值
def losses(logits, labels):
with tf.variable_scope('loss') as scope:
cross_entropy = tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=logits, labels=labels,
name='xentropy_per_example')
loss = tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy, name='loss')
tf.summary.scalar(scope.name + '/loss', loss)
return loss
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
# loss损失值优化
# 输入参数:loss。learning_rate,学习速率。
# 返回参数:train_op,训练op,这个参数要输入sess.run中让模型去训练。
def trainning(loss, learning_rate):
with tf.name_scope('optimizer'):
optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate)
global_step = tf.Variable(0, name='global_step', trainable=False)
train_op = optimizer.minimize(loss, global_step=global_step)
return train_op
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
# 评价/准确率计算
# 输入参数:logits,网络计算值。labels,标签,也就是真实值,在这里是0或者1。
# 返回参数:accuracy,当前step的平均准确率,也就是在这些batch中多少张图片被正确分类了。
def evaluation(logits, labels):
with tf.variable_scope('accuracy') as scope:
correct = tf.nn.in_top_k(logits, labels, 1)
correct = tf.cast(correct, tf.float16)
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(correct)
tf.summary.scalar(scope.name + '/accuracy', accuracy)
return accuracy
train.py——利用D:/ML/flower/input_data/路径下的训练数据,对CNN模型进行训练
import input_data
import model
# 变量声明
N_CLASSES = 4 # 四种花类型
IMG_W = 64 # resize图像,太大的话训练时间久
IMG_H = 64
BATCH_SIZE = 20
CAPACITY = 200
MAX_STEP = 2000 # 一般大于10K
learning_rate = 0.0001 # 一般小于0.0001
# 获取批次batch
train_dir = 'F:/input_data' # 训练样本的读入路径
logs_train_dir = 'F:/save' # logs存储路径
# train, train_label = input_data.get_files(train_dir)
train, train_label, val, val_label = input_data.get_files(train_dir, 0.3)
# 训练数据及标签
train_batch, train_label_batch = input_data.get_batch(train, train_label, IMG_W, IMG_H, BATCH_SIZE, CAPACITY)
# 测试数据及标签
val_batch, val_label_batch = input_data.get_batch(val, val_label, IMG_W, IMG_H, BATCH_SIZE, CAPACITY)
# 训练操作定义
train_logits = model.inference(train_batch, BATCH_SIZE, N_CLASSES)
train_loss = model.losses(train_logits, train_label_batch)
train_op = model.trainning(train_loss, learning_rate)
train_acc = model.evaluation(train_logits, train_label_batch)
# 测试操作定义
test_logits = model.inference(val_batch, BATCH_SIZE, N_CLASSES)
test_loss = model.losses(test_logits, val_label_batch)
test_acc = model.evaluation(test_logits, val_label_batch)
# 这个是log汇总记录
summary_op = tf.summary.merge_all()
# 产生一个会话
sess = tf.Session()
# 产生一个writer来写log文件
train_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(logs_train_dir, sess.graph)
# val_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(logs_test_dir, sess.graph)
# 产生一个saver来存储训练好的模型
saver = tf.train.Saver()
# 所有节点初始化
sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
# 队列监控
coord = tf.train.Coordinator()
threads = tf.train.start_queue_runners(sess=sess, coord=coord)
# 进行batch的训练
try:
# 执行MAX_STEP步的训练,一步一个batch
for step in np.arange(MAX_STEP):
if coord.should_stop():
break
_, tra_loss, tra_acc = sess.run([train_op, train_loss, train_acc])
# 每隔50步打印一次当前的loss以及acc,同时记录log,写入writer
if step % 10 == 0:
print('Step %d, train loss = %.2f, train accuracy = %.2f%%' % (step, tra_loss, tra_acc * 100.0))
summary_str = sess.run(summary_op)
train_writer.add_summary(summary_str, step)
# 每隔100步,保存一次训练好的模型
if (step + 1) == MAX_STEP:
checkpoint_path = os.path.join(logs_train_dir, 'model.ckpt')
saver.save(sess, checkpoint_path, global_step=step)
except tf.errors.OutOfRangeError:
print('Done training -- epoch limit reached')
finally:
coord.request_stop()
test.py——利用D:/ML/flower/flower_photos/roses路径下的测试数据,查看识别效果
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import model
from input_data import get_files
# 获取一张图片
def get_one_image(train):
# 输入参数:train,训练图片的路径
# 返回参数:image,从训练图片中随机抽取一张图片
n = len(train)
ind = np.random.randint(0, n)
img_dir = train[ind] # 随机选择测试的图片
img = Image.open(img_dir)
plt.imshow(img)
plt.show()
image = np.array(img)
return image
# 测试图片
def evaluate_one_image(image_array):
with tf.Graph().as_default():
BATCH_SIZE = 1
N_CLASSES = 4
image = tf.cast(image_array, tf.float32)
image = tf.image.per_image_standardization(image)
image = tf.reshape(image, [1, 64, 64, 3])
logit = model.inference(image, BATCH_SIZE, N_CLASSES)
logit = tf.nn.softmax(logit)
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[64, 64, 3])
# you need to change the directories to yours.
logs_train_dir = 'F:/save/'
saver = tf.train.Saver()
with tf.Session() as sess:
print("Reading checkpoints...")
ckpt = tf.train.get_checkpoint_state(logs_train_dir)
if ckpt and ckpt.model_checkpoint_path:
global_step = ckpt.model_checkpoint_path.split('/')[-1].split('-')[-1]
saver.restore(sess, ckpt.model_checkpoint_path)
print('Loading success, global_step is %s' % global_step)
else:
print('No checkpoint file found')
prediction = sess.run(logit, feed_dict={x: image_array})
max_index = np.argmax(prediction)
if max_index == 0:
result = ('这是玫瑰花的可能性为: %.6f' % prediction[:, 0])
elif max_index == 1:
result = ('这是郁金香的可能性为: %.6f' % prediction[:, 1])
elif max_index == 2:
result = ('这是蒲公英的可能性为: %.6f' % prediction[:, 2])
else:
result = ('这是这是向日葵的可能性为: %.6f' % prediction[:, 3])
return result
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------
if __name__ == '__main__':
img = Image.open('F:/input_data/dandelion/1451samples2.jpg')
plt.imshow(img)
plt.show()
imag = img.resize([64, 64])
image = np.array(imag)
print(evaluate_one_image(image))
1.执行train模块,结果如下:
同时,训练结束后,在电脑指定的训练模型存储路径可看到保存的训练好的模型数据。
2.执行test模块,结果如下:
显示一张测试用的图片
关闭显示的测试图片后,console查看测试结果如下:
至此我们对整个项目流程做一个总结:
图片预处理模块:对获得的花卉图片训练数据,进行预处理,构造训练用数据结构
训练模块:利用Tensorflow实现CNN(神经网络算法)模型,经过两层卷积-池化处理,并使用梯度下降算法作为优化器、Softmax算法作为分类器、平方损失函数(最小二乘法, Ordinary Least Squares)作为优化器,构建训练模型,利用训练数据对模型进行训练,最终得到训练后的模型数据,并以文件形式存储至本机。
分类准确度验证模块:利用Tensorflow的reduce_mean方法作为评估模型,对构建的花卉分类模型分类准确性进行验证。
模型测试模块:使用测试集数据,对构建并训练后的分类模型进行测试,验证实际数据的测试准确度。
具体代码以及附件可在我的个人GitHub上下载
我的githubworkspace