[转载]Java利用JCommander开发命令行交互(CLI)

转载,原文地址:https://github.com/Sayi/sayi.github.com/issues/32

有时候我们用Java开发了一个小工具,希望通过命令行(CLI)或者图形界面直接调用。命令行相较于图形界面,实现迅速,交互更接近于程序员人群,本文主要介绍Java在命令行交互上的应用,我们不妨先看看命令行的两种风格:

  • POSIX风格 tar -zxvf foo.tar.gz
  • Java风格 java -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.net.useSystemProxies=true Foo

JCommander介绍

JCommander是Java解析命令行参数的工具,作者是cbeust,他的开源测试框架testNG相信很多程序员都有耳闻。

根据官方文档,我简单总结了JCommander的几个特点:

  • 注解驱动
    它的核心功能命令行参数定义是基于注解的,这也是我选择用它的主要原因。我们可以轻松做到命令行参数与属性的映射,属性除了是String类型,还可以是Integer、boolean,甚至是File、集合类型。

  • 功能丰富
    它同时支持文章开头的两种命令行风格,并且提供了输出帮助文档的能力(usage()),还提供了国际化的支持。

  • 高度扩展
    下文会详述。

在看具体应用示例前,我们先读懂核心注解@Parameter的源码(你大可以跳过下面这段长长的源码,直接看示例),以此来了解它向我们展示了哪些方面的能力:

@Retention(java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ FIELD, METHOD })
public @interface Parameter {

  /**
   * An array of allowed command line parameters (e.g. "-d", "--outputdir", etc...).
   * If this attribute is omitted, the field it's annotating will receive all the
   * unparsed options. There can only be at most one such annotation.
   */
  String[] names() default {};

  /**
   * A description of this option.
   */
  String description() default "";

  /**
   * Whether this option is required.
   */
  boolean required() default false;

  /**
   * The key used to find the string in the message bundle.
   */
  String descriptionKey() default "";

  /**
   * How many parameter values this parameter will consume. For example,
   * an arity of 2 will allow "-pair value1 value2".
   */
  public static int DEFAULT_ARITY = -1;
  int arity() default DEFAULT_ARITY;

  /**
   * If true, this parameter is a password and it will be prompted on the console
   * (if available).
   */
  boolean password() default false;

  /**
   * The string converter to use for this field. If the field is of type List
   * and not listConverter attribute was specified, JCommander will split
   * the input in individual values and convert each of them separately.
   */
  Class> converter() default NoConverter.class;

  /**
   * The list string converter to use for this field. If it's specified, the
   * field has to be of type List and the converter needs to return
   * a List that's compatible with that type.
   */
  Class> listConverter() default NoConverter.class;

  /**
   * If true, this parameter won't appear in the usage().
   */
  boolean hidden() default false;

  /**
   * Validate the parameter found on the command line.
   */
  Class[] validateWith() default NoValidator.class;

  /**
   * Validate the value for this parameter.
   */
  Class[] validateValueWith() default NoValueValidator.class;

  /**
   * @return true if this parameter has a variable arity. See @{IVariableArity}
   */
  boolean variableArity() default false;

  /**
   * What splitter to use (applicable only on fields of type List). By default,
   * a comma separated splitter will be used.
   */
  Class splitter() default CommaParameterSplitter.class;

  /**
   * If true, console will not echo typed input
   * Used in conjunction with password = true
   */
  boolean echoInput() default false;

  /**
   * If true, this parameter is for help. If such a parameter is specified,
   * required parameters are no longer checked for their presence.
   */
  boolean help() default false;

  /**
   * If true, this parameter can be overwritten through a file or another appearance of the parameter
   * @return nc
   */
  boolean forceNonOverwritable() default false;

  /**
   * If specified, this number will be used to order the description of this parameter when usage() is invoked.
   * @return
   */
  int order() default -1;

}

JCommander 应用示例

在一般应用场景,我们可能只需要设置@Parameter以下几个属性值:
* names 设置命令行参数,如-old
* required 设置此参数是否必须
* description 设置参数的描述
* order 设置帮助文档的顺序
* help 设置此参数是否为展示帮助文档或者辅助功能

下面是一个完整的示例,它用来比较两份文档,然后输出差异。源码在https://github.com/Sayi/swagger-diff上。

/**
 * 
 * @author Sayi
 * @version
 */
public class CLI {

  private static final String OUTPUT_MODE_MARKDOWN = "markdown";

  @Parameter(names = "-old", description = "old api-doc location:Json file path or Http url", required = true, order = 0)
  private String oldSpec;

  @Parameter(names = "-new", description = "new api-doc location:Json file path or Http url", required = true, order = 1)
  private String newSpec;

  @Parameter(names = "-v", description = "swagger version:1.0 or 2.0", validateWith = RegexValidator.class, order = 2)
  @Regex("(2\\.0|1\\.0)")
  private String version = SwaggerDiff.SWAGGER_VERSION_V2;

  @Parameter(names = "-output-mode", description = "render mode: markdown or html", validateWith = RegexValidator.class, order = 3)
  @Regex("(markdown|html)")
  private String outputMode = OUTPUT_MODE_MARKDOWN;

  @Parameter(names = "--help", help = true, order = 5)
  private boolean help;

  @Parameter(names = "--version", description = "swagger-diff tool version", help = true, order = 6)
  private boolean v;

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CLI cli = new CLI();
    JCommander jCommander = JCommander.newBuilder().addObject(cli).build();
    jCommander.parse(args);
    cli.run(jCommander);
  }

  public void run(JCommander jCommander) {
    if (help) {
      jCommander.setProgramName("java -jar swagger-diff.jar");
      jCommander.usage();
      return;
    }
    if (v) {
      JCommander.getConsole().println("1.2.0");
      return;
    }

    //SwaggerDiff diff = null;
  }
}

运行命令行查看帮助文档,输出结果如下:

$ java -jar swagger-diff.jar --help
Usage: java -jar swagger-diff.jar [options]
  Options:
  * -old
      old api-doc location:Json file path or Http url
  * -new
      new api-doc location:Json file path or Http url
    -v
      swagger version:1.0 or 2.0
      Default: 2.0
    -output-mode
      render mode: markdown or html
      Default: markdown
    --help

    --version
      swagger-diff tool version

这个示例像我们展示了JCommander注解的强大,我们仅仅使用注解就完成了所有参数的定义。注意,对于boolean为true的参数,我们只需要输入参数名,比如--help,而不是--help=true

示例中使用了usage()方法即可完美的输出帮助文档。

JCommander扩展:增加正则表达式校验

JCommander是高度扩展的,两个核心接口定义了扩展的能力。

IStringConverter支持String类型的参数值可以转化为任意其他类型的属性。

/**
 * An interface that converts strings to any arbitrary type.
 * 
 * If your class implements a constructor that takes a String, this
 * constructor will be used to instantiate your converter and the
 * parameter will receive the name of the option that's being parsed,
 * which can be useful to issue a more useful error message if the
 * conversion fails.
 * 
 * You can also extend BaseConverter to make your life easier.
 * 
 * @author cbeust
 */
public interface IStringConverter<T> {
  /**
   * @return an object of type  created from the parameter value.
   */
  T convert(String value);
}

IParameterValidator支持参数值的校验。

/**
 * The class used to validate parameters.
 *
 * @author Cedric Beust 
 */
public interface IParameterValidator {

  /**
   * Validate the parameter.
   *
   * @param name The name of the parameter (e.g. "-host").
   * @param value The value of the parameter that we need to validate
   *
   * @throws ParameterException Thrown if the value of the parameter is invalid.
   */
  void validate(String name, String value) throws ParameterException;

}

在阅读上文示例中,可能会有些许疑问,比如@Regex是什么注解,JCommander并没有提供正则表达式校验参数值的功能。

对于很多参数,我们都有校验的场景,比如值只能是几个可选值,或者是在一定范围内,IParameterValidator 和IParameterValidator2实现了参数校验了功能,接下来我们将基于接口IParameterValidator2扩展JCommander,同样,我们只需要使用注解即可。

  1. 自定义正则注解,这样我们就可以在需要正则校验的属性上,设置表达式,如@Regex("(2\\.0|1\\.0)")
package com.deepoove.swagger.diff.cli;

import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.FIELD;

import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Retention(java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ FIELD })
public @interface Regex {

  String value() default "";

}
  1. 实现RegexValidator,当有Regex注解的时候,解析正则表达式,应用校验规则。注意这段代码使用了反射,可能并不是最优雅的方式,但是在不修改JCommander源码的情况下,可能是最好的方式了
package com.deepoove.swagger.diff.cli;

import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import com.beust.jcommander.IParameterValidator2;
import com.beust.jcommander.ParameterDescription;
import com.beust.jcommander.ParameterException;
import com.beust.jcommander.Parameterized;

public class RegexValidator implements IParameterValidator2 {

  private static final String PARAMETERIZED_FIELD_NAME = "field";

  @Override
  public void validate(String name, String value) throws ParameterException {
    return;
  }

  @Override
  public void validate(String name, String value, ParameterDescription pd)
      throws ParameterException {
    Parameterized parameterized = pd.getParameterized();
    Class clazz = parameterized.getClass();
    try {
      Field declaredField = clazz.getDeclaredField(PARAMETERIZED_FIELD_NAME);
      declaredField.setAccessible(true);
      Field paramField = (Field) declaredField.get(parameterized);
      Regex regex = paramField.getAnnotation(Regex.class);
      if (null == regex) return;
      String regexStr = regex.value();
      if (!Pattern.matches(regexStr, value)) { throw new ParameterException(
          "Parameter " + name + " should match " + regexStr + " (found " + value + ")"); }
    } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
      return;
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
      return;
    } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
      return;
    }
  }
}
  1. 使用正则注解和正则校验类
@Parameter(names = "-v",  validateWith = RegexValidator.class)
@Regex("(2\\.0|1\\.0)")
private String version = "2.0";

至此,正则校验已完成。

更多More: Apache Commons CLI

从源码中可以看到,JCommander默认提供了不少转化器。

----IStringConverter
  \--BaseConverter
     --\--BigDecimalConverter
     --\--BooleanConverter
     --\--DoubleConverter
     --\--FloatConverter
     --\--IntegerConverter
     --\--ISO8601DateConverter
     --\--LongConverter
     --\--PathConverter
     --\--URIConverter
     --\--URLConverter
 \--EnumConverter
 \--InetAddressConverter
 \--FileConverter

Java在命令行交互的应用,还有很多工具。另一个使用比较广泛的是Apache Commons CLI: http://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-cli/index.html,它比JCommander支持更多的命令行风格,但是扩展能力不够。

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