线程池之前一定有多线程的概念,使用线程的时候就去创建一个线程
如果并发的线程数量很多,并且每个线程都是执行一个时间很短的任务就结束了,这样频繁创建线程就会大大降低系统的效率,因为频繁创建线程和销毁线程需要时间。
在Java中可以通过线程池,使得线程可以复用,就是执行完一个任务,并不被销毁,而是可以继续执行其他的任务
Java 创建线程池的方法很简单,只需要调用Executors
中相应的便捷方法即可:
newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) | 创建固定大小的线程池,可控制线程最大并发数,超出的线程任务会在队列中等待 |
newCachedThreadPool() | 线程池为无限大,当执行第二个任务时第一个任务已经完成,会复用执行第一个任务的线程,而不用每次新建线程 |
newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) | 调度型线程池,支持定时及周期性任务执行 |
newSingleThreadExecutor() | 创建只有一个线程的线程池,任意时间池中只能有一个线程 |
Executors
中创建线程池的快捷方法,实际上是都调用了ThreadPoolExecutor
的构造方法
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,//线程池长期维持的线程数,即使线程处于闲置状态,也不会回收
int maximumPoolSize,//线程池最大的线程数,也就是说是线程数的上限
long keepAliveTime,//当线程数大于长期维持的线程数corePoolSize,并且大于corePoolSize的线程空闲时长超过了这个时间,多余的线程会被回收
TimeUnit unit,//时间单位
BlockingQueue workQueue,//任务的排队队列
ThreadFactory threadFactory,// 新线程的产生方式
RejectedExecutionHandler handler)// 拒绝策略
如果当前线程池中的线程数目小于corePoolSize,则每来一个任务,就会创建一个线程去执行这个任务;
如果当前线程池中的线程数目>=corePoolSize,则每来一个任务,会尝试将其添加到任务缓存队列当中,若添加成功,则该任务会等待空闲线程将其取出去执行;若添加失败(一般来说是任务缓存队列已满),则会尝试创建新的线程去执行这个任务;如果当前线程池中的线程数目达到maximumPoolSize,则会采取任务拒绝策略进行处理;
如果线程池中的线程数量大于 corePoolSize时,如果某线程空闲时间超过keepAliveTime,线程将被终止,直至线程池中的线程数目不大于corePoolSize;如果允许为核心池中的线程设置存活时间,那么核心池中的线程空闲时间超过keepAliveTime,线程也会被终止。
处理的流程图:
阻塞队列与普通队列的区别在于,当队列是空的时,从队列中获取元素的操作将会被阻塞,或者当队列是满时,往队列里添加元素的操作会被阻塞。
LinkedBlockingQueue()基于链表的FIFO阻塞队列
PriorityBlockingQueue() 带优先级的无界阻塞队列
SynchronousQueue()并发同步阻塞队列
ArrayBlockingQueue(int capacity)基于数组的并发阻塞队列
ConcurrentLinkedQueue()基于链表的并发队列
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队列添加元素,可阻塞方法,等待有空间。 |
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队列添加元素,已满无法添加,会直接返回false |
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获取队列元素,无元素,会直接返回false |
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获取队列元素,可阻塞方法,等待有元素。 |
任务队列总有占满的时候,这是再submit()
提交新的任务会怎么样呢?这个时候就用到了拒绝策略
拒绝策略 | 拒绝行为 |
---|---|
AbortPolicy | 抛出RejectedExecutionException |
DiscardPolicy | 什么也不做,直接忽略,多余的任务会悄悄的被忽略 |
DiscardOldestPolicy | 丢弃执行队列中最老的任务,尝试为当前提交的任务腾出位置 |
CallerRunsPolicy | 直接由提交任务者执行这个任务 |
线程池默认的拒绝行为是AbortPolicy(),会抛出异常.
提交方式 | 是否关心返回结果 |
---|---|
Future |
是 |
void execute(Runnable command) |
否 |
Future> submit(Runnable task) |
否,虽然返回Future,但是其get()方法总是返回null |
execute() 通过这个方法可以向线程池提交一个任务,交由线程池去执行。
execute()是线程池的核心方法,源码分析就从它展开:
public void execute(Runnable command) {
if (command == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
/*
* Proceed in 3 steps:
*
* 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
* start a new thread with the given command as its first
* task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
* workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
* threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
*
* 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
* to double-check whether we should have added a thread
* (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
* the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
* recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
* stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
*
* 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
* thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
* and so reject the task.
*/
int c = ctl.get();
//判断如果当前线程数小于corePoolSize, 则创建新的核心worker对象
if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
if (addWorker(command, true))
return;
c = ctl.get();
}
// 判断如果当前线程数大于corePoolSize, 并偿试放入队列 workQueue.offer(command) , 放入成功后等待线程池调度
//疑问:队列中的任务是什么时候取出来的?
if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
int recheck = ctl.get();
if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
reject(command);
else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
addWorker(null, false);
}
//偿试放入队列 workQueue.offer(command) 失败, 增加一个非core的线程
else if (!addWorker(command, false))
reject(command);
}
excute()方法中添加任务的方式是使用addWorker()方法
private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {
retry:
for (;;) {
int c = ctl.get();
int rs = runStateOf(c);
// Check if queue empty only if necessary.
if (rs >= SHUTDOWN &&
! (rs == SHUTDOWN &&
firstTask == null &&
! workQueue.isEmpty()))
return false;
for (;;) {
int wc = workerCountOf(c);
if (wc >= CAPACITY ||
wc >= (core ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize))
return false;
if (compareAndIncrementWorkerCount(c))
break retry;
c = ctl.get(); // Re-read ctl
if (runStateOf(c) != rs)
continue retry;
// else CAS failed due to workerCount change; retry inner loop
}
}
boolean workerStarted = false;
boolean workerAdded = false;
Worker w = null;
try {
w = new Worker(firstTask);//创建线程
final Thread t = w.thread;
if (t != null) {
final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
mainLock.lock();
try {
// Recheck while holding lock.
// Back out on ThreadFactory failure or if
// shut down before lock acquired.
int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get());
if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||
(rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {
if (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startable
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
workers.add(w);
int s = workers.size();
if (s > largestPoolSize)
largestPoolSize = s;
workerAdded = true;
}
} finally {
mainLock.unlock();
}
if (workerAdded) {
t.start();启动线程,实际运行的是Worker 的run()方法
workerStarted = true;
}
}
} finally {
if (! workerStarted)
addWorkerFailed(w);
}
return workerStarted;
}
线程启动后,又做了哪些工作:
final void runWorker(Worker w) {
Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
Runnable task = w.firstTask;
w.firstTask = null;
w.unlock(); // allow interrupts
boolean completedAbruptly = true;
try {
while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {//getTask()从队列中获取任务,当前线程要在当前task执行完后才能执行下一个任务
w.lock();
// If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;
// if not, ensure thread is not interrupted. This
// requires a recheck in second case to deal with
// shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt
if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||
(Thread.interrupted() &&
runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&
!wt.isInterrupted())
wt.interrupt();
try {
beforeExecute(wt, task);
Throwable thrown = null;
try {
task.run();
} catch (RuntimeException x) {
thrown = x; throw x;
} catch (Error x) {
thrown = x; throw x;
} catch (Throwable x) {
thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
} finally {
afterExecute(task, thrown);
}
} finally {
task = null;
w.completedTasks++;
w.unlock();
}
}
completedAbruptly = false;
} finally {
processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);
}
}