【统计学】第一章

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思考题

什么是统计学?

统计学是收集、处理、分析、解释数据并从数据中得出结论的科学

解释描述性统计和推断统计

描述性统计:研究的是数据收集、处理、汇总、图表描述、概括与分析等统计方法
推断统计:研究如何利用样本数据来推断总体特征的统计方法

统计数据可分为哪几种类型?不同类型的数据各有什么特点?

计量尺度:

  • 分类数据
  • 顺序数据
  • 数值型数据

收集方法:

  • 观测数据
  • 实验数据

现象和时间的关系:

  • 截面数据
  • 时间序列数据

解释分类数据、顺序数据和数值型数据的含义

  • 分类数据是只能归于某一类别的非数字型数据,它是对事物进行分类的结果,数据表现为类别,是用文字来表述的。
  • 顺序数据是只能归于某一有序类别的非数字型数据。顺序数据虽然也是类别,但是这些类别是有序的。
  • 数值型数据是按照数字尺度测量的观察值,其结果在于表现具体的数值。
  • 分类数据和顺序数据说明的是事物的品质特征,通常用文字表述,其结果均表现为类别,因而也可统称为定型数据或者品质数据,数值型数据说明的是现象的数量特征,通常使用数值表现的,因此也称为定量数据数量数据

举例说明总体、样本、参数、统计量、变量这几个概念

总体:组成总体的每个元素为个体,个体组成总体,比如多个企业的集合就是总体
样本:100个灯泡抽取10个检验,那10个就是样本
参数:针对总体描述的特征值,比如总体平均数、总体标准差、总体比例等
统计量:描述样本特征的数值,比如样本平均数、样本标准差、样本比例等
变量:能说明现象的某种商品特征的概述

变量可以分为哪几类

分类变量
顺序变量
数值型变量

举例说明离散型变量和连续型变量

离散型变量:类似于企业数量、产品数量等
连续型变量:年龄、温度、零件尺寸的误差等

请举出统计应用的几个例子

1.针对企业发展战略制定合理的市场定位,把握企业的优势和劣势,利用统计方法对数据进行科学的分析
2.控制企业的产品质量,统计以监测生产过程
3.对市场进行调查,获取所需要的信息
4.对财务数据进行分析
5.对未来市场的预测,利用有关生产价格指数、失业率、生产能力利用等统计数据,通过统计模拟预测
6.对于员工的年龄、性别、受教育程度等进行分析,作为企业工资计划制定的依据

请举出应用统计的几个领域

精算 审计学 农业 动物学 晶体学 等

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你可能感兴趣的:(【统计学】第一章)