Flask

Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,然后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时,需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。

“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实可以 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。

默认情况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。

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pip3 install flask
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response

@Request.application
def hello(request):
    return Response('Hello World!')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
werkzeug

一. 基本使用

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from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
 
@app .route( '/' )
def hello_world():
     return 'Hello World!'
 
if __name__ = = '__main__' :
     app.run()

二、配置文件

+ View Code ?
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flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象(继承字典),默认配置为:
     {
         'DEBUG' :                                get_debug_flag(default = False ),  是否开启Debug模式
         'TESTING' :                              False ,                          是否开启测试模式
         'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS' :                 None ,                          
         'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION' :        None ,
         'SECRET_KEY' :                           None ,
         'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME' :           timedelta(days = 31 ),
         'USE_X_SENDFILE' :                       False ,
         'LOGGER_NAME' :                          None ,
         'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY' :               'always' ,
         'SERVER_NAME' :                          None ,
         'APPLICATION_ROOT' :                     None ,
         'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME' :                  'session' ,
         'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN' :                None ,
         'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH' :                  None ,
         'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY' :              True ,
         'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE' :                False ,
         'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST' :         True ,
         'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH' :                   None ,
         'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT' :            timedelta(hours = 12 ),
         'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS' :              False ,
         'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS' :                 False ,
         'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING' :             False ,
         'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME' :                 'http' ,
         'JSON_AS_ASCII' :                        True ,
         'JSON_SORT_KEYS' :                       True ,
         'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR' :          True ,
         'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE' :                     'application/json' ,
         'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD' :                None ,
     }
 
方式一:
     app.config[ 'DEBUG' ] = True
 
     PS: 由于Config对象本质上是字典,所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)
 
方式二:
     app.config.from_pyfile( "python文件名称" )
         如:
             settings.py
                 DEBUG = True
 
             app.config.from_pyfile( "settings.py" )
 
     app.config.from_envvar( "环境变量名称" )
         环境变量的值为python文件名称名称,内部调用from_pyfile方法
 
 
     app.config.from_json( "json文件名称" )
         JSON文件名称,必须是json格式,因为内部会执行json.loads
 
     app.config.from_mapping({ 'DEBUG' : True })
         字典格式
 
     app.config.from_object( "python类或类的路径" )
 
         app.config.from_object( 'pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig' )
 
         settings.py
 
             class Config( object ):
                 DEBUG = False
                 TESTING = False
                 DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
 
             class ProductionConfig(Config):
                 DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
 
             class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
                 DEBUG = True
 
             class TestingConfig(Config):
                 TESTING = True
 
         PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
     
 
     PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录,如果instance_relative_config为 True ,则就是instance_path目录

三、路由系统

  • @app.route('/user/')
  • @app.route('/post/')
  • @app.route('/post/')
  • @app.route('/post/')
  • @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])

常用路由系统有以上五种,所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理:

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DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
     'default' :          UnicodeConverter,
     'string' :           UnicodeConverter,
     'any' :              AnyConverter,
     'path' :             PathConverter,
     'int' :              IntegerConverter,
     'float' :            FloatConverter,
     'uuid' :             UUIDConverter,
}
 
        def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                print('before')
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                print('after')
                return result

        return inner

        @app.route('/index.html',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
        @auth
        def index():
            return 'Index'def index():
            return "Index"

        self.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
        or
        app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
        app.view_functions['index'] = index


        或
        def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                print('before')
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                print('after')
                return result

        return inner

        class IndexView(views.View):
            methods = ['GET']
            decorators = [auth, ]

            def dispatch_request(self):
                print('Index')
                return 'Index!'

        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
class IndexView(views.MethodView):
            methods = ['GET']
            decorators = [auth, ]

            def get(self):
                return 'Index.GET'

            def post(self):
                return 'Index.POST'


        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint




        @app.route和app.add_url_rule参数:
            rule,                       URL规则
            view_func,                  视图函数名称
            defaults=None,              默认值,当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数
            endpoint=None,              名称,用于反向生成URL,即: url_for('名称')
            methods=None,               允许的请求方式,如:["GET","POST"]
            

            strict_slashes=None,        对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求,
                                        如:
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False),
                                                访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
                                                仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index 
            redirect_to=None,           重定向到指定地址
                                        如:
                                            @app.route('/index/', redirect_to='/home/')
                                            或
                                            def func(adapter, nid):
                                                return "/home/888"
                                            @app.route('/index/', redirect_to=func)
            subdomain=None,             子域名访问
                                                from flask import Flask, views, url_for

                                                app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
                                                app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'


                                                @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
                                                def static_index():
                                                    """Flask supports static subdomains
                                                    This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
                                                    return "static.your-domain.tld"


                                                @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="")
                                                def username_index(username):
                                                    """Dynamic subdomains are also supported
                                                    Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
                                                    return username + ".your-domain.tld"


                                                if __name__ == '__main__':
                                                    app.run()
        
 
a.注册路由原理
 
           from flask import Flask, views, url_for
            from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter

            app = Flask(import_name=__name__)


            class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
                """
                自定义URL匹配正则表达式
                """
                def __init__(self, map, regex):
                    super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
                    self.regex = regex

                def to_python(self, value):
                    """
                    路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
                    :param value: 
                    :return: 
                    """
                    return int(value)

                def to_url(self, value):
                    """
                    使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
                    :param value: 
                    :return: 
                    """
                    val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
                    return val

            # 添加到flask中
            app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter


            @app.route('/index/')
            def index(nid):
                print(url_for('index', nid='888'))
                return 'Index'


            if __name__ == '__main__':
                app.run()
 
b. 自定制正则路由匹配

四、模板

1、模板的使用

Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,所以其语法和Django无差别

2、自定义模板方法

Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似,创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template,如:

 


"en">
    "UTF-8">
    


    

自定义函数

{{ww()|safe}}
 
html
 
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask,render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
 
 
def wupeiqi():
    return '

Wupeiqi

' @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi) app.run()
 
run.py

"en">

    "UTF-8">
    Title




    {% macro input(name, type='text', value='') %}
        "{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}">
    {% endmacro %}

    {{ input('n1') }}

    {% include 'tp.html' %}

    

asdf{{ v.k1}}

其他

注意:Markup等价django的mark_safe

五、请求和响应

 
   from flask import Flask
    from flask import request
    from flask import render_template
    from flask import redirect
    from flask import make_response

    app = Flask(__name__)


    @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
    def login():

        # 请求相关信息
        # request.method
        # request.args
        # request.form
        # request.values
        # request.cookies
        # request.headers
        # request.path
        # request.full_path
        # request.script_root
        # request.url
        # request.base_url
        # request.url_root
        # request.host_url
        # request.host
        # request.files
        # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
        # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))

        # 响应相关信息
        # return "字符串"
        # return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
        # return redirect('/index.html')

        # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
        # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
        # response.delete_cookie('key')
        # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
        # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
        # return response


        return "内容"

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
 
View Code

六、Session

除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。

  • 设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'

  • 删除:session.pop('username', None)
 
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
 
app = Flask(__name__)
 
@app.route('/')
def index():
    if 'username' in session:
        return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])
    return 'You are not logged in'
 
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        session['username'] = request.form['username']
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
    return '''
        

''' @app.route('/logout') def logout(): # remove the username from the session if it's there session.pop('username', None) return redirect(url_for('index')) # set the secret key. keep this really secret: app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
 
基本使用
 
        pip3 install Flask-Session
        
        run.py
            from flask import Flask
            from flask import session
            from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface
            app = Flask(__name__)

            app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
            app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()

            @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
            def login():
                print(session)
                session['user1'] = 'alex'
                session['user2'] = 'alex'
                del session['user2']

                return "内容"

            if __name__ == '__main__':
                app.run()

        session.py
            #!/usr/bin/env python
            # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
            import uuid
            import json
            from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
            from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
            from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes


            class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
                def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
                    self.sid = sid
                    self.initial = initial
                    super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())


                def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                    super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)

                def __getitem__(self, item):
                    return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)

                def __delitem__(self, key):
                    super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)



            class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
                session_class = MySession
                container = {}

                def __init__(self):
                    import redis
                    self.redis = redis.Redis()

                def _generate_sid(self):
                    return str(uuid.uuid4())

                def _get_signer(self, app):
                    if not app.secret_key:
                        return None
                    return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
                                  key_derivation='hmac')

                def open_session(self, app, request):
                    """
                    程序刚启动时执行,需要返回一个session对象
                    """
                    sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
                    if not sid:
                        sid = self._generate_sid()
                        return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                    signer = self._get_signer(app)
                    try:
                        sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
                        sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
                    except BadSignature:
                        sid = self._generate_sid()
                        return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                    # session保存在redis中
                    # val = self.redis.get(sid)
                    # session保存在内存中
                    val = self.container.get(sid)

                    if val is not None:
                        try:
                            data = json.loads(val)
                            return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
                        except:
                            return self.session_class(sid=sid)
                    return self.session_class(sid=sid)

                def save_session(self, app, session, response):
                    """
                    程序结束前执行,可以保存session中所有的值
                    如:
                        保存到resit
                        写入到用户cookie
                    """
                    domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
                    path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
                    httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
                    secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
                    expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)

                    val = json.dumps(dict(session))

                    # session保存在redis中
                    # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
                    # session保存在内存中
                    self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)

                    session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))

                    response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
                                        expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
                                        domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
 
自定义Session
 
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
pip3 install redis
pip3 install flask-session

"""


from flask import Flask, session, redirect
from flask.ext.session import Session


app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'asdfasdfasd'


app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
from redis import Redis
app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
Session(app)


@app.route('/login')
def login():
    session['username'] = 'alex'
    return redirect('/index')


@app.route('/index')
def index():
    name = session['username']
    return name


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
 
第三方session

 

七、蓝图

蓝图用于为应用提供目录划分:

小型应用程序:示例

大型应用程序:示例

其他:

  • 蓝图URL前缀:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,url_prefix='/xxx')
  • 蓝图子域名:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,subdomain='admin')
    # 前提需要给配置SERVER_NAME: app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
    # 访问时:admin.wupeiqi.com:5000/login.html

八、message

message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合,其特点是:使用一次就删除。

 
        from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request, get_flashed_messages

        app = Flask(__name__)
        app.secret_key = 'some_secret'


        @app.route('/')
        def index1():
            messages = get_flashed_messages()
            print(messages)
            return "Index1"


        @app.route('/set')
        def index2():
            v = request.args.get('p')
            flash(v)
            return 'ok'


        if __name__ == "__main__":
            app.run()
 
View Code

九、中间件

 
from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
 
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
 
@app.route('/')
def index1():
    return render_template('index.html')
 
@app.route('/set')
def index2():
    v = request.args.get('p')
    flash(v)
    return 'ok'
 
class MiddleWare:
    def __init__(self,wsgi_app):
        self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app
 
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
        return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs)
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)
    app.run(port=9999)
 
View Code

十、请求扩展

 
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask, Request, render_template

app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.debug = True


@app.before_first_request
def before_first_request1():
    print('before_first_request1')


@app.before_first_request
def before_first_request2():
    print('before_first_request2')


@app.before_request
def before_request1():
    Request.nnn = 123
    print('before_request1')


@app.before_request
def before_request2():
    print('before_request2')


@app.after_request
def after_request1(response):
    print('before_request1', response)
    return response


@app.after_request
def after_request2(response):
    print('before_request2', response)
    return response


@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_not_found(error):
    return 'This page does not exist', 404


@app.template_global()
def sb(a1, a2):
    return a1 + a2


@app.template_filter()
def db(a1, a2, a3):
    return a1 + a2 + a3


@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    return render_template('hello.html')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
 
View Code
调用方式:{{sb(1,2)}}  {{ 1|db(2,3)}}

十一、Flask插件

  • WTForms    
  • SQLAchemy
  • 等...    http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/

 十二、文章出处

https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/7552008.html

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/AbnerLc/p/11590183.html

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