ubuntu16.04最小根文件系统制作及集成安装ros-kinetic-ros-base及遇到的各种坑

创建 Ubuntu 根文件系统

准备工作

安装qemu

在Linux PC主机上安装模拟器：

sudo apt-get install qemu-user-static

下载和解压 ubuntu-core

Firefly-rk3399 ubuntu根文件系统是基于Ubuntu base 16.04来创建的。用户可以到ubuntu cdimg 下载，选择下载ubuntu-base-16.04.1-base-arm64.tar.gz 。

下载完之后，创建临时文件夹并解压根文件系统：

mkdir ubuntu
sudo tar -xpf ubuntu-base-16.04.1-base-arm64.tar.gz -C temp

修改根文件系统

准备工作

准备网络：

sudo cp -b /etc/resolv.conf ubuntu/etc/resolv.conf

准备qemu

sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-aarch64-static ubuntu/usr/bin/

进入根文件系统进行操作：

sudo chroot ubuntu

更新及安装

更新：

apt update 
apt upgrade

安装自己需要的功能

apt install vim git ....(根据自己需求添加)

可能出现错误:

E: Unable to locate package xxxx

安装包的源没有添加到/etc/apt/source.list中,导致无法识别安装包,可以自行添加源，也可以使用下面给出的source.list覆盖原来的/etc/apt/source.list文件:

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.

deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-updates main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial universe
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial universe
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-updates universe
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-backports main restricted
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-backports main restricted

deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-security main restricted
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-security main restricted
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-security universe
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-security universe
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-security multiverse
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-security multiverse

添加用户及设置密码

添加用户

useradd -s '/bin/bash' -m -G adm,sudo firefly

给用户设置密码：

passwd firefly

给root用户设置密码：

passwd root

设置可使用root用户登录ssh

安装ssh后，默认情况下不允许使用root用户登录，需作以下修改：

root@chry-PC:/# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config 

 

找到PermitRootLogin prohibit-password，改成PermitRootLogin yes。

设置串口

因为暂时未安装桌面，所以这里的配置要具体和内核中登录的串口的设备对应起来，不然对导致无法通过串口登录的问题。具体可能会因为目标板差异而不同，具体要参考所使用的平台进行修改。
我的目标开发板为rk3288，它的登录串口为ttyFIQ0，

vi /lib/systemd/system/serial-getty\@.service

 

    修改BindsTo选项：
    dev-%i.device
    改成
    dev-%i
    如果不执行这一步，烧录文件系统后启动，串口可能会卡死。
    或另行参考链接（未验证）：https://blog.csdn.net/u010632165/article/details/78424000

串口自动登录root用户（可选）

    修改ExecStart选项：
    -/sbin/agetty --keep-baud 115200,38400,9600 %I $TERM
    改成
    -/sbin/agetty -a root --keep-baud 115200,38400,9600 %I $TERM

允许root用户登录串口（可选）

vi /etc/pam.d/login

 

搜索pam_securetty.so，找到改行在前面加#号注释掉：
#auth [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore user_unknown=bad default=die] pam_securetty.so

设置主机名（可选）

默认主机名为localhost.localdomain

root@mynt-xmi:/# echo 'mynt-xmi' > /etc/hostname

添加主机入口

root@mynt-xmi:/# vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1		localhost
127.0.0.1		mynt-xmi    #要保证这个名字与 /etc/hostname中的主机名一致才有效

如果不修改/etc/hosts，该系统每次运行sudo命令都会有错误提示，但不影响使用。

错误：sudo时出现unable to resolve host

ubuntu添加自动补全功能

ubuntu tab键不能自动补全命令的参数

/etc/bash.bashrc 里面有这几行语句

#enable bash completion in interactive shells
# if ! shopt -oq posix; then
 # if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
 #   . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
 # elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
 #   . /etc/bash_completion
 # fi
# fi



去掉注释
#enable bash completion in interactive shells
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
 if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
   . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
 elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
   . /etc/bash_completion
 fi
fi

.   /etc/bash.bashrc就ok了，this not enough，so do next

1、安装bash-completion

    sudo apt-get install bash-completion

2、编辑~/.bashrc 文件

添加如下内容：

    if  [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then

    . /etc/bash_completion

    fi

3、使其立即生效

    source ~/.bashrc

perfect！

 

修改完自己的根文件系统就可以退出了。

exit

安装ros-kinetic-ros-base（sources.list建议写入上面的官方源，不然容易出问题）

进入根文件系统

sudo chroot ubuntu

设置etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros-latest.list

sh -c 'echo "deb http://packages.ros.org/ros/ubuntu $(lsb_release -sc) main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros-latest.list'

但会失败，不如直接写

deb http://packages.ros.org/ros/ubuntu xenial main

设置key

apt-key adv --keyserver 'hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80' --recv-key C1CF6E31E6BADE8868B172B4F42ED6FBAB17C654

更新package

apt-get update

安装ros-kinetic-ros-base

apt-get install ros-kinetic-ros-base

可能会出现如下错误

root@mynt-xmi:/# apt-get install ros-kinetic-ros-base
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 ros-kinetic-ros-base : Depends: ros-kinetic-actionlib but it is not going to be installed
                        Depends: ros-kinetic-bond-core but it is not going to be installed
                        Depends: ros-kinetic-class-loader but it is not going to be installed
                        Depends: ros-kinetic-dynamic-reconfigure but it is not going to be installed
                        Depends: ros-kinetic-nodelet-core but it is not going to be installed
                        Depends: ros-kinetic-pluginlib but it is not going to be installed
                        Depends: ros-kinetic-ros-core but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

这种是属于sources.list源问题，无法找到部分依赖，不建议使用国内源，虽然安装软件快，但是可能有残缺或者无法连接的源存在，用上述官方源。出现问题建议重新配置源和修复，必须保证apt-get update不出现无法定位或者链接错误的error。检查网络问题等。

apt-get clean
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
apt-get install -f

再次安装ros-kinetic-ros-base

安装完毕后初始化rosdep

注意：在使用ROS之前需要初始化rosdep

rosdep init

这个时候可能就会出错

错误1：

64位系统下：Some packages could not be installed. 错误
在很多64位机器上如果安装 ros-kinetic-desktop-full 会出现如下错误：
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
ros-kinetic-desktop-full : Depends: ros-kinetic-desktop but it is not going to be installed
Depends: ros-kinetic-simulators but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

解决这一问题的方法一个是只安装核心库 ros-kinetic-desktop 或者可以尝试先卸载下面的组件：
apt-get remove gazebo-* sdformat-*

错误2：

default sources list file already exists
在运行  rosdep init 时可能出现如下错误：
ERROR: default sources list file already exists:
/etc/ros/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list
Please delete if you wish to re-initialize
通常这是因为你之前曾经安装过 ROS 系统的某个版本，只需按照提示删除已经存在的初始化文件即可：
rm /etc/ros/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list


然后再重新运行 rosdep init 就没有问题了。

错误3：也是我遇到的错误

ERROR: cannot download default sources list from:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list
Website may be down.

修复办法简单粗暴直接创建etc/ros/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list这个文件，进入这个文件目录

wget https://raw.github.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list

继续初始化rosdep注意：之前都是root用户所以没有加sudo，之前的ros安装命令都是需要root权限的，但rosdep update

必须在普通用户下执行，目前的系统不支持sudo，需要在root用户下apt-get install sudo

su mynt
rosdep update

不顺利的话又会出错如果是错误码110就是网络问题，自己想办法解决网络问题

如果错误码是111，访问被拒绝有可能是域名服务器问题推荐使用

解决方法：

sudo vim /etc/resolv.conf

改成下面两句：

nameserver 8.8.8.8 #google域名服务器

nameserver 8.8.4.4 #google域名服务器

多试几次，我的后来就成功了

配置ROS环境

echo "source /opt/ros/kinetic/setup.bash" >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

安装依赖项

sudo apt-get install python-rosinstall python-rosinstall-generator python-wstool build-essential

测试ROS是否安装成功

roscore

报错

解决方法

　　以上问题是由于ROS环境变量ROS_MASTER_URI设置错误导致的，重新设置该变量即可。

　　打开~/.bashrc文件，添加或修改环境变量ROS_HOSTNAME和ROS_MASTER，即改为：

export ROS_HOSTNAME=localhost
export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://localhost:11311

修改并保存~/.bashrc文件后，再重新启动下该文件source ~/.bashrc，再运行roscore即可正常运行

至此ros已安装完毕，退出文件系统exit

制作根文件系统

制作自己的根文件系统，大小依据自己的根文件系统而定，注意依据temp文件夹的大小来修改count值

mkdir  rootfs
dd if=/dev/zero of=linuxroot.img bs=1M count=4000
mkfs.ext4 linuxroot.img
sudo mount linuxroot.img rootfs/
sudo cp -rfp temp/*  rootfs/
sudo umount rootfs/
e2fsck -p -f linuxroot.img
resize2fs  -M linuxroot.img

这样 linuxroot.img 就是最终的根文件系统映像文件了。

FAQs

根文件系统加载后，大小不正常，未占满整个分区：

在系统正确加载后执行扩展文件系统命令：

 resize2fs /dev/mmcblk1p6    --> rootfs 分区

查看 parameter文件中，root= 节点设备