是python的一个命令行解析包,非常编写可读性非常好的程序
prog.py是我在linux下测试argparse的文件,放在/tmp目录下,其内容如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.parse_args()
测试:
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py --help
usage: prog.py [-h]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -v
usage: prog.py [-h]
prog.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -v
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py foo
usage: prog.py [-h]
prog.py: error: unrecognized arguments: foo
positional arguments为英文定义,中文名叫有翻译为定位参数的,用法是不用带-就可用
修改prog.py的内容如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("echo")
args = parser.parse_args()
print args.echo
执行测试如下
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py
usage: prog.py [-h] echo
prog.py: error: too few arguments
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] echo
positional arguments:
echo
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py hahahaha
hahahaha
定义了一个叫echo
的参数,默认必选
echo
参数为空,所以报错,并给出用法(usage)和错误信息中文名叫可选参数,有两种方式:
-
来指定的短参数,如-h
;--
来指定的长参数,如--help
这两种方式可以同存,也可以只存在一个,修改prog.py内容如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", help="increase output verbosity")
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.verbosity:
print "verbosity turned on"
注意这一行:parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", help="increase output verbosity")
定义了可选参数-v
或--verbosity
,通过解析后,其值保存在args.verbosity
变量中
用法如下:
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -v 1
verbosity turned on
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py --verbosity 1
verbosity turned on
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v VERBOSITY]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v VERBOSITY, --verbosity VERBOSITY
increase output verbosity
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -v
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v VERBOSITY]
prog.py: error: argument -v/--verbosity: expected one argument
-v
来指定参数值--verbosity
来指定参数值-h
来打印帮助信息-v
指定参数值,所以会报错上一个用法中-v必须指定参数值,否则就会报错,有没有像-h
那样,不需要指定参数值的呢,答案是有,通过定义参数时指定action="store_true"
即可,用法如下
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", help="increase output verbosity",
action="store_true")
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.verbose:
print "verbosity turned on"
测试:
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -v
verbosity turned on
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose increase output verbosity
第一个例子中,-v
没有指定任何参数也可,其实存的是True
和False
,如果出现,则其值为True
,否则为False
默认的参数类型为str,如果要进行数学计算,需要对参数进行解析后进行类型转换,如果不能转换则需要报错,这样比较麻烦
argparse提供了对参数类型的解析,如果类型不符合,则直接报错。如下是对参数进行平方计算的程序:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('x', type=int, help="the base")
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.x ** 2
print answer
测试
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 2
4
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py two
usage: prog.py [-h] x
prog.py: error: argument x: invalid int value: 'two'
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] x
positional arguments:
x the base
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
5中的action的例子中定义了默认值为True
和False
的方式,如果要限定某个值的取值范围,比如6中的整形,限定其取值范围为0, 1, 2,该如何进行呢?
修改prog.py文件如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("square", type=int,
help="display a square of a given number")
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2],
help="increase output verbosity")
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.square**2
if args.verbosity == 2:
print "the square of {} equals {}".format(args.square, answer)
elif args.verbosity == 1:
print "{}^2 == {}".format(args.square, answer)
else:
print answer
测试如下:
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 -v 0
16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 -v 1
4^2 == 16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 -v 2
the square of 4 equals 16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 -v 3
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v {0,1,2}] square
prog.py: error: argument -v/--verbosity: invalid choice: 3 (choose from 0, 1, 2)
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v {0,1,2}] square
positional arguments:
square display a square of a given number
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v {0,1,2}, --verbosity {0,1,2}
increase output verbosity
上面很多例子中都为help赋值,如parser.add_argument("square", type=int, help="display a square of a given number")
在打印输出时,会有如下内容
positional arguments:
square display a square of a given number
也就是help为什么,打印输出时,就会显示什么
8中介绍了为每个参数定义帮助文档,那么给整个程序定义帮助文档该怎么进行呢?
通过argparse.ArgumentParser(description="calculate X to the power of Y")
即可
修改prog.py内容如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="calculate X to the power of Y")
group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
group.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true")
group.add_argument("-q", "--quiet", action="store_true")
parser.add_argument("x", type=int, help="the base")
parser.add_argument("y", type=int, help="the exponent")
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.x**args.y
if args.quiet:
print answer
elif args.verbose:
print "{} to the power {} equals {}".format(args.x, args.y, answer)
else:
print "{}^{} == {}".format(args.x, args.y, answer)
打印帮助信息时即显示calculate X to the power of Y
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v | -q] x y
calculate X to the power of Y
positional arguments:
x the base
y the exponent
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose
-q, --quiet
在上个例子中介绍了互斥的参数
group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
group.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true")
group.add_argument("-q", "--quiet", action="store_true")
第一行定义了一个互斥组,第二、三行在互斥组中添加了-v
和-q
两个参数,用上个例子中的程序进行如下测试:
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 2
4^2 == 16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 2 -v
4 to the power 2 equals 16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 2 -q
16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 2 -q -v
可以看出,-q
和-v
不出现,或仅出现一个都可以,同时出现就会报错。
可定义多个互斥组
介绍了这么多,有没有参数默认值该如何定义呢?
修改prog.py内容如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="calculate X to the power of Y")
parser.add_argument("square", type=int,
help="display a square of a given number")
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2], default=1,
help="increase output verbosity")
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.square**2
if args.verbosity == 2:
print "the square of {} equals {}".format(args.square, answer)
elif args.verbosity == 1:
print "{}^2 == {}".format(args.square, answer)
else:
print answer
测试结果如下
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 8
8^2 == 64
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 8 -v 0
64
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 8 -v 1
8^2 == 64
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 8 -v 2
the square of 8 equals 64
可以看到如果不指定-v
的值,args.verbosity
的值默认为1,为了更清楚的看到默认值,也可以直接打印进行测试。
更多argparse的用法参考官方文档
https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/argparse.html?highlight=args#module-argparse