第九章 多元函数微分法及其应用

本章将在一元函数微分学的基础上,讨论多元函数的微分法及其应用。——高等数学同济版

目录

  • 习题9-1 多元函数的基本概念
    • 6.求下列各极限:
      • (3) lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) 2 − x y + 4 x y ; \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{2-\sqrt{xy+4}}{xy}; (x,y)(0,0)limxy2xy+4 ;
      • (4) lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x y 2 − e x y − 1 ; \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{2-e^{xy}}-1}; (x,y)(0,0)lim2exy 1xy;
      • (6) lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) 1 − cos ⁡ ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) e x 2 y 2 . \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{1-\cos(x^2+y^2)}{(x^2+y^2)e^{x^2y^2}}. (x,y)(0,0)lim(x2+y2)ex2y21cos(x2+y2).
    • 9.证明 lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) = x y x 2 + y 2 . \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}=\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}. (x,y)(0,0)lim=x2+y2 xy.
    • 10.设 F ( x , y ) = f ( x ) F(x,y)=f(x) F(x,y)=f(x) f ( x ) f(x) f(x) x 0 x_0 x0处连续,证明:对任意 y 0 ∈ R y_0\in\bold{R} y0R F ( x , y ) F(x,y) F(x,y) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)处连续。
  • 习题9-2 偏导数
  • 习题9-3 全微分
    • 5.考虑二元函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的下面四条性质:
      (1) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)连续;
      (2) f x ( x , y ) f_x(x,y) fx(x,y) f y ( x , y ) f_y(x,y) fy(x,y)在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)连续;
      (3) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)可微分;
      (4) f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) f_x(x_0,y_0) fx(x0,y0) f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) f_y(x_0,y_0) fy(x0,y0)存在。
      若用“ P ⇒ Q P\rArr Q PQ”表示可由性质 P P P推出性质 Q Q Q,则下列四个选项中正确的是( \quad ( A ) ( 2 ) ⇒ ( 3 ) ⇒ ( 1 ) ( B ) ( 3 ) ⇒ ( 2 ) ⇒ ( 1 ) ( C ) ( 3 ) ⇒ ( 4 ) ⇒ ( 1 ) ( D ) ( 3 ) ⇒ ( 1 ) ⇒ ( 4 ) \begin{aligned}&(A)(2)\rArr(3)\rArr(1)\\&(B)(3)\rArr(2)\rArr(1)\\&(C)(3)\rArr(4)\rArr(1)\\&(D)(3)\rArr(1)\rArr(4)\\\end{aligned} (A)(2)(3)(1)(B)(3)(2)(1)(C)(3)(4)(1)(D)(3)(1)(4)
  • 习题9-4 多元复合函数的求导法则
  • 习题9-5 隐函数的求导公式
    • 11.设 y = f ( x , t ) y=f(x,t) y=f(x,t),而 t = t ( x , y ) t=t(x,y) t=t(x,y)是由方程 F ( x , y , t ) = 0 F(x,y,t)=0 F(x,y,t)=0所确定的函数,其中 f , F f,F f,F都具有一阶连续偏导数。试证明 d y d x = ∂ f ∂ x ∂ F ∂ t − ∂ f ∂ t ∂ F ∂ x ∂ f ∂ t ∂ F ∂ y + ∂ F ∂ t . \cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\cfrac{\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}-\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial x}}{\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial y}+\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}}. dxdy=tfyF+tFxftFtfxF.
  • 习题9-6 多元函数微分学的几何应用
    • 1. 设 f ( t ) = f 1 ( t ) i + f 2 ( t ) j + f 3 ( t ) k , g ( t ) = g 1 ( t ) i + g 2 ( t ) j + g 3 ( t ) k , lim ⁡ t → t 0 f ( t ) = u , lim ⁡ t → t 0 g ( t ) = v , \bm{f}(t)=f_1(t)\bm{i}+f_2(t)\bm{j}+f_3(t)\bm{k},\bm{g}(t)=g_1(t)\bm{i}+g_2(t)\bm{j}+g_3(t)\bm{k},\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}\bm{f}(t)=\bm{u},\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}\bm{g}(t)=\bm{v}, f(t)=f1(t)i+f2(t)j+f3(t)k,g(t)=g1(t)i+g2(t)j+g3(t)k,tt0limf(t)=u,tt0limg(t)=v,证明 lim ⁡ t → t 0 [ f ( t ) × g ( t ) ] = u × v . \lim\limits_{t\to t_0}[\bm{f}(t)\times\bm{g}(t)]=\bm{u}\times\bm{v}. tt0lim[f(t)×g(t)]=u×v.
  • 习题9-7 方向导数与梯度
  • 习题9-8 多元函数的极值及其求法
    • 1.已知函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)的某个领域内连续,且 lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) f ( x , y ) − x y ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = 1 , \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{f(x,y)-xy}{(x^2+y^2)^2}=1, (x,y)(0,0)lim(x2+y2)2f(x,y)xy=1,则下述四个选项中正确的是( \qquad
      (A)点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)不是 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极值点
      (B)点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极大值点
      (C)点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极小值点
      (D)根据所给条件无法判断点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)是否为 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极值点
  • 习题9-9 二元函数的泰勒公式
  • 总习题九
    • 1.在“充分”、“必要”和“充分必要”三者中选择一个正确的填入下列空格内:
      (3) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的偏导数 ∂ z ∂ x \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} xz ∂ z ∂ y \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} yz在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)存在且连续是 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在该点可微分的______条件;
      (4)函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)的两个二阶混合偏导数 ∂ 2 z ∂ x ∂ y \cfrac{\partial^2z}{\partial x\partial y} xy2z ∂ 2 z ∂ y ∂ x \cfrac{\partial^2z}{\partial y\partial x} yx2z在区域 D D D内连续是这两个二阶混合偏导数在 D D D内相等的______条件。
    • 12.设 x = e u cos ⁡ v x=e^u\cos v x=eucosv y = e u sin ⁡ v y=e^u\sin v y=eusinv z = u v z=uv z=uv,试求 ∂ z ∂ x \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} xz ∂ z ∂ y \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} yz
    • 16.求函数 u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 u=x^2+y^2+z^2 u=x2+y2+z2在椭球面 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 = 1 \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1 a2x2+b2y2+c2z2=1上点处沿 M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M_0(x_0,y_0,z_0) M0(x0,y0,z0)外法线方向的方向导数。
    • 17.求平面 x 3 + y 4 + z 5 = 1 \cfrac{x}{3}+\cfrac{y}{4}+\cfrac{z}{5}=1 3x+4y+5z=1和柱面 x 2 + y 2 = 1 x^2+y^2=1 x2+y2=1的交线上与 x O y xOy xOy平面距离最短的点。
    • 18.在第一卦线内作椭球面 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 = 1 \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1 a2x2+b2y2+c2z2=1的切平面,使该切平面与三坐标面所围成的四面体的体积最小。求这切平面的切点,并求此最小体积。
  • 写在最后

习题9-1 多元函数的基本概念

  本节主要介绍了多元函数的基本概念。

6.求下列各极限:

(3) lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) 2 − x y + 4 x y ; \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{2-\sqrt{xy+4}}{xy}; (x,y)(0,0)limxy2xy+4 ;


lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) 2 − x y + 4 x y = lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) 4 − ( x y + 4 ) x y ( 2 + x y + 4 ) = lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) − 1 2 + x y + 4 = − 1 4 . \begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{2-\sqrt{xy+4}}{xy}&=\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{4-(xy+4)}{xy(2+\sqrt{xy+4})}\\ &=\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{-1}{2+\sqrt{xy+4}}=-\cfrac{1}{4}. \end{aligned} (x,y)(0,0)limxy2xy+4 =(x,y)(0,0)limxy(2+xy+4 )4(xy+4)=(x,y)(0,0)lim2+xy+4 1=41.
这道题主要利用了分子有理化的方法求解

(4) lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x y 2 − e x y − 1 ; \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{2-e^{xy}}-1}; (x,y)(0,0)lim2exy 1xy;


lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x y 2 − e x y − 1 = lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x y 1 − e x y ⋅ ( 2 − e x y + 1 ) = − 1 ⋅ 2 = − 2 \begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{2-e^{xy}}-1}=\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{xy}{1-e^{xy}}\cdot(\sqrt{2-e^{xy}}+1)=-1\cdot2=-2 \end{aligned} (x,y)(0,0)lim2exy 1xy=(x,y)(0,0)lim1exyxy(2exy +1)=12=2
这道题主要利用了分母有理化的方法求解

(6) lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) 1 − cos ⁡ ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) e x 2 y 2 . \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{1-\cos(x^2+y^2)}{(x^2+y^2)e^{x^2y^2}}. (x,y)(0,0)lim(x2+y2)ex2y21cos(x2+y2).


lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) 1 − cos ⁡ ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) e x 2 y 2 = lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) 1 − cos ⁡ ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ⋅ x 2 + y 2 e x 2 y 2 = 1 2 ⋅ 0 = 0. \begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{1-\cos(x^2+y^2)}{(x^2+y^2)e^{x^2y^2}}&=\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{1-\cos(x^2+y^2)}{(x^2+y^2)^2}\cdot\cfrac{x^2+y^2}{e^{x^2y^2}}\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}\cdot0=0. \end{aligned} (x,y)(0,0)lim(x2+y2)ex2y21cos(x2+y2)=(x,y)(0,0)lim(x2+y2)21cos(x2+y2)ex2y2x2+y2=210=0.
本题主要利用了等价无穷小代换的方法求解,这部分内容见第一章第七节,传送门在这里

9.证明 lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) = x y x 2 + y 2 . \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}=\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}. (x,y)(0,0)lim=x2+y2 xy.

  因为
∣ x y x 2 + y 2 − 0 ∣ ⩽ 1 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) x 2 + y 2 = 1 2 x 2 + y 2 . \left|\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}-0\right|\leqslant\cfrac{\cfrac{1}{2}(x^2+y^2)}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}=\cfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{x^2+y^2}. x2+y2 xy0x2+y2 21(x2+y2)=21x2+y2 .
  要使 ∣ x y x 2 + y 2 − 0 ∣ < ε \left|\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}-0\right|<\varepsilon x2+y2 xy0<ε,只要 x 2 + y 2 < 2 ε \sqrt{x^2+y^2}<2\varepsilon x2+y2 <2ε,所以 ∀ ε > 0 \forall\varepsilon>0 ε>0,取 δ = 2 ε \delta=2\varepsilon δ=2ε,则当 0 < x 2 + y 2 < δ 0<\sqrt{x^2+y^2}<\delta 0<x2+y2 <δ时,就有 ∣ x y x 2 + y 2 − 0 ∣ < ε \left|\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}-0\right|<\varepsilon x2+y2 xy0<ε成立,即 lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) = x y x 2 + y 2 \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}=\cfrac{xy}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} (x,y)(0,0)lim=x2+y2 xy。(这道题主要利用了定义证明

10.设 F ( x , y ) = f ( x ) F(x,y)=f(x) F(x,y)=f(x) f ( x ) f(x) f(x) x 0 x_0 x0处连续,证明:对任意 y 0 ∈ R y_0\in\bold{R} y0R F ( x , y ) F(x,y) F(x,y) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)处连续。

  设 P 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) ∈ R 2 P_0(x_0,y_0)\in\bold{R}^2 P0(x0,y0)R2,因为 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) x 0 x_0 x0处连续,所以 ∀ ε > 0 \forall\varepsilon>0 ε>0 ∃ δ > 0 \exists\delta>0 δ>0,当 ∣ x − x 0 ∣ < δ |x-x_0|<\delta xx0<δ时,有 ∣ f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) ∣ < ε |f(x)-f(x_0)|<\varepsilon f(x)f(x0)<ε。从而,当 P ( x , y ) ∈ U ( x 0 , δ ) P(x,y)\in U(x_0,\delta) P(x,y)U(x0,δ)时, ∣ x − x 0 ∣ ⩽ ρ ( P , P 0 ) < δ |x-x_0|\leqslant\rho(P,P_0)<\delta xx0ρ(P,P0)<δ,因而有
∣ F ( x , y ) − F ( x 0 , y 0 ) ∣ = ∣ f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) ∣ < ε . |F(x,y)-F(x_0,y_0)|=|f(x)-f(x_0)|<\varepsilon. F(x,y)F(x0,y0)=f(x)f(x0)<ε.
  即 F ( x , y ) F(x,y) F(x,y) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)处连续。(这道题主要利用了定义证明

习题9-2 偏导数

  本节主要介绍了偏导数的基本概念及计算方法。

习题9-3 全微分

  本节主要介绍了全微分的基本概念及计算。

5.考虑二元函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的下面四条性质:
(1) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)连续;
(2) f x ( x , y ) f_x(x,y) fx(x,y) f y ( x , y ) f_y(x,y) fy(x,y)在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)连续;
(3) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)可微分;
(4) f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) f_x(x_0,y_0) fx(x0,y0) f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) f_y(x_0,y_0) fy(x0,y0)存在。
若用“ P ⇒ Q P\rArr Q PQ”表示可由性质 P P P推出性质 Q Q Q,则下列四个选项中正确的是( \quad ( A ) ( 2 ) ⇒ ( 3 ) ⇒ ( 1 ) ( B ) ( 3 ) ⇒ ( 2 ) ⇒ ( 1 ) ( C ) ( 3 ) ⇒ ( 4 ) ⇒ ( 1 ) ( D ) ( 3 ) ⇒ ( 1 ) ⇒ ( 4 ) \begin{aligned}&(A)(2)\rArr(3)\rArr(1)\\&(B)(3)\rArr(2)\rArr(1)\\&(C)(3)\rArr(4)\rArr(1)\\&(D)(3)\rArr(1)\rArr(4)\\\end{aligned} (A)(2)(3)(1)(B)(3)(2)(1)(C)(3)(4)(1)(D)(3)(1)(4)

  由于二元函数偏导数存在且连续是二元函数可微分的充分条件,二元函数可微分必定可偏导,二元函数可微分必定连续,因此选项(A)正确。(这道题主要考察对于多元函数可微、可导、连续的理解

习题9-4 多元复合函数的求导法则

本节要将一元函数微分学中复合函数的求导法则推广到多元复合函数的情形。多元复合函数的求导法则在多元函数微分学中也起着重要作用。——高等数学同济版

  本节主要介绍了多元复合函数的求导法则。

习题9-5 隐函数的求导公式

  本节主要介绍了在多元函数的情况下对隐函数求导的方法。

11.设 y = f ( x , t ) y=f(x,t) y=f(x,t),而 t = t ( x , y ) t=t(x,y) t=t(x,y)是由方程 F ( x , y , t ) = 0 F(x,y,t)=0 F(x,y,t)=0所确定的函数,其中 f , F f,F f,F都具有一阶连续偏导数。试证明 d y d x = ∂ f ∂ x ∂ F ∂ t − ∂ f ∂ t ∂ F ∂ x ∂ f ∂ t ∂ F ∂ y + ∂ F ∂ t . \cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\cfrac{\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}-\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial x}}{\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial y}+\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}}. dxdy=tfyF+tFxftFtfxF.

  由方程组 { y = f ( x , t ) , F ( x , y , t ) = 0 \begin{cases}y=f(x,t),\\F(x,y,t)=0\end{cases} {y=f(x,t),F(x,y,t)=0可确定两个一元隐函数 y = y ( x ) y=y(x) y=y(x) t = t ( x ) t=t(x) t=t(x)。分别在两个方程两端对 x x x求导可得
{ d y d x = ∂ f ∂ x + ∂ f ∂ t ⋅ ∂ t ∂ x , ∂ F ∂ x + ∂ F ∂ y ⋅ ∂ y ∂ x + ∂ F ∂ t ⋅ ∂ t ∂ x = 0. \begin{cases} \cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}+\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cdot\cfrac{\partial t}{\partial x},\\ \cfrac{\partial F}{\partial x}+\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial y}\cdot\cfrac{\partial y}{\partial x}+\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}\cdot\cfrac{\partial t}{\partial x}=0. \end{cases} dxdy=xf+tfxt,xF+yFxy+tFxt=0.
  移项得
{ d y d x − ∂ f ∂ t ⋅ ∂ t ∂ x = ∂ f ∂ x , ∂ F ∂ y ⋅ ∂ y ∂ x + ∂ F ∂ t ⋅ ∂ t ∂ x = − ∂ F ∂ x . \begin{cases} \cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}-\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cdot\cfrac{\partial t}{\partial x}=\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x},\\ \cfrac{\partial F}{\partial y}\cdot\cfrac{\partial y}{\partial x}+\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}\cdot\cfrac{\partial t}{\partial x}=-\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial x}. \end{cases} dxdytfxt=xf,yFxy+tFxt=xF.
  当 D = ∣ 1 − ∂ f ∂ t ∂ F ∂ y ∂ F ∂ t ∣ = ∂ F ∂ t + ∂ f ∂ t ⋅ ∂ F ∂ y ≠ 0 D=\begin{vmatrix}1&-\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\\\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial y}&\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}\end{vmatrix}=\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}+\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cdot\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial y}\not =0 D=1yFtftF=tF+tfyF=0时,解方程组得
d y d x = 1 D ⋅ ∣ ∂ f ∂ x − ∂ f ∂ t − ∂ F ∂ x ∂ F ∂ t ∣ = ∂ f ∂ x ∂ F ∂ t − ∂ f ∂ t ∂ F ∂ x ∂ f ∂ t ∂ F ∂ y + ∂ F ∂ t . \cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\cfrac{1}{D}\cdot\begin{vmatrix}\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}&-\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\\-\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial x}&\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}\end{vmatrix}=\cfrac{\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}-\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial x}}{\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial t}\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial y}+\cfrac{\partial F}{\partial t}}. dxdy=D1xfxFtftF=tfyF+tFxftFtfxF.
这道题主要利用了多元函数求导法则求解

习题9-6 多元函数微分学的几何应用

本节先介绍一元向量值函数及其导数,再讨论多元函数微分学的几何应用。——高等数学同济版

  本节主要介绍了多元函数导数在几何上的应用。

1. 设 f ( t ) = f 1 ( t ) i + f 2 ( t ) j + f 3 ( t ) k , g ( t ) = g 1 ( t ) i + g 2 ( t ) j + g 3 ( t ) k , lim ⁡ t → t 0 f ( t ) = u , lim ⁡ t → t 0 g ( t ) = v , \bm{f}(t)=f_1(t)\bm{i}+f_2(t)\bm{j}+f_3(t)\bm{k},\bm{g}(t)=g_1(t)\bm{i}+g_2(t)\bm{j}+g_3(t)\bm{k},\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}\bm{f}(t)=\bm{u},\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}\bm{g}(t)=\bm{v}, f(t)=f1(t)i+f2(t)j+f3(t)k,g(t)=g1(t)i+g2(t)j+g3(t)k,tt0limf(t)=u,tt0limg(t)=v,证明 lim ⁡ t → t 0 [ f ( t ) × g ( t ) ] = u × v . \lim\limits_{t\to t_0}[\bm{f}(t)\times\bm{g}(t)]=\bm{u}\times\bm{v}. tt0lim[f(t)×g(t)]=u×v.


lim ⁡ t → t 0 [ f ( t ) × g ( t ) ] = lim ⁡ t → t 0 ∣ i j k f 1 ( t ) f 2 ( t ) f 3 ( t ) g 1 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) g 3 ( t ) ∣ = lim ⁡ t → t 0 ( f 2 ( t ) g 3 ( t ) − f 3 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) , f 3 ( t ) g 1 ( t ) − f 1 ( t ) g 3 ( t ) , f 1 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) − f 2 ( t ) g 1 ( t ) ) = ( lim ⁡ t → t 0 [ f 2 ( t ) g 3 ( t ) − f 3 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) ] , lim ⁡ t → t 0 [ f 3 ( t ) g 1 ( t ) − f 1 ( t ) g 3 ( t ) ] , lim ⁡ t → t 0 [ f 1 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) − f 2 ( t ) g 1 ( t ) ] ) = ∣ i j k lim ⁡ t → t 0 f 1 ( t ) lim ⁡ t → t 0 f 2 ( t ) lim ⁡ t → t 0 f 3 ( t ) lim ⁡ t → t 0 g 1 ( t ) lim ⁡ t → t 0 g 2 ( t ) lim ⁡ t → t 0 g 3 ( t ) ∣ = u × v . \begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{t\to t_0}[\bm{f}(t)\times\bm{g}(t)]&=\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}\begin{vmatrix}\bm{i}&\bm{j}&\bm{k}\\f_1(t)&f_2(t)&f_3(t)\\g_1(t)&g_2(t)&g_3(t)\end{vmatrix}\\ &=\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}\left(f_2(t)g_3(t)-f_3(t)g_2(t),f_3(t)g_1(t)-f_1(t)g_3(t),f_1(t)g_2(t)-f_2(t)g_1(t)\right)\\ &=\left(\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}[f_2(t)g_3(t)-f_3(t)g_2(t)],\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}[f_3(t)g_1(t)-f_1(t)g_3(t)],\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}[f_1(t)g_2(t)-f_2(t)g_1(t)]\right)\\ &=\begin{vmatrix}\bm{i}&\bm{j}&\bm{k}\\\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}f_1(t)&\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}f_2(t)&\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}f_3(t)\\\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}g_1(t)&\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}g_2(t)&\lim\limits_{t\to t_0}g_3(t)\end{vmatrix}=\bm{u}\times\bm{v}. \end{aligned} tt0lim[f(t)×g(t)]=tt0limif1(t)g1(t)jf2(t)g2(t)kf3(t)g3(t)=tt0lim(f2(t)g3(t)f3(t)g2(t),f3(t)g1(t)f1(t)g3(t),f1(t)g2(t)f2(t)g1(t))=(tt0lim[f2(t)g3(t)f3(t)g2(t)],tt0lim[f3(t)g1(t)f1(t)g3(t)],tt0lim[f1(t)g2(t)f2(t)g1(t)])=itt0limf1(t)tt0limg1(t)jtt0limf2(t)tt0limg2(t)ktt0limf3(t)tt0limg3(t)=u×v.
这道题主要利用了行列式的方法求解

习题9-7 方向导数与梯度

  本节主要介绍了方向导数与梯度的概念。

习题9-8 多元函数的极值及其求法

  本节主要介绍了多元函数的极值及其求法。

1.已知函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)的某个领域内连续,且 lim ⁡ ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) f ( x , y ) − x y ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = 1 , \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{f(x,y)-xy}{(x^2+y^2)^2}=1, (x,y)(0,0)lim(x2+y2)2f(x,y)xy=1,则下述四个选项中正确的是( \qquad
(A)点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)不是 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极值点
(B)点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极大值点
(C)点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极小值点
(D)根据所给条件无法判断点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)是否为 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极值点

  令 ρ = x 2 + y 2 \rho=\sqrt{x^2+y^2} ρ=x2+y2 ,则由题设可知
f ( x , y ) = x y + ρ 4 + ο ( ρ 4 ) . f(x,y)=xy+\rho^4+\omicron(\rho^4). f(x,y)=xy+ρ4+ο(ρ4).
  当 ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) (x,y)\to(0,0) (x,y)(0,0)时, ρ = 0 \rho=0 ρ=0
  由于 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y) ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)附近的值主要由 x y xy xy决定,而 x y xy xy ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)附近符号不定,故点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)不是 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极值点,即应选(A)。
  本题也可以取两条路径 y = x y=x y=x y = − x y=-x y=x来考虑。当 ∣ x ∣ |x| x充分小时,
f ( x , x ) = x 2 + 4 x 4 + ο ( x 4 ) > 0 , f ( x , − x ) = − x 2 + 4 x 4 + ο ( x 4 ) < 0. f(x,x)=x^2+4x^4+\omicron(x^4)>0,\quad f(x,-x)=-x^2+4x^4+\omicron(x^4)<0. f(x,x)=x2+4x4+ο(x4)>0,f(x,x)=x2+4x4+ο(x4)<0.
  故点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0)不是 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极值点,即应选(A)。(这道题主要利用了极值点的判断方法求解

习题9-9 二元函数的泰勒公式

  本节主要介绍了二元函数的泰勒公式及应用。

总习题九

1.在“充分”、“必要”和“充分必要”三者中选择一个正确的填入下列空格内:
(3) f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的偏导数 ∂ z ∂ x \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} xz ∂ z ∂ y \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} yz在点 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)存在且连续是 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在该点可微分的______条件;
(4)函数 z = f ( x , y ) z=f(x,y) z=f(x,y)的两个二阶混合偏导数 ∂ 2 z ∂ x ∂ y \cfrac{\partial^2z}{\partial x\partial y} xy2z ∂ 2 z ∂ y ∂ x \cfrac{\partial^2z}{\partial y\partial x} yx2z在区域 D D D内连续是这两个二阶混合偏导数在 D D D内相等的______条件。

  (3)充分。
  (4)充分。
这道题主要利用了多元函数微分学中主要概念之间的联系求解

12.设 x = e u cos ⁡ v x=e^u\cos v x=eucosv y = e u sin ⁡ v y=e^u\sin v y=eusinv z = u v z=uv z=uv,试求 ∂ z ∂ x \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} xz ∂ z ∂ y \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} yz

   ∂ z ∂ x = ∂ z ∂ u ⋅ ∂ u ∂ x + ∂ z ∂ v ⋅ ∂ v ∂ x = v ∂ u ∂ x + u ∂ v ∂ x . \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}=\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\cdot\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\cdot\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial x}=v\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}+u\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial x}. xz=uzxu+vzxv=vxu+uxv.
  分别在 x = e u cos ⁡ v x=e^u\cos v x=eucosv y = e u sin ⁡ u y=e^u\sin u y=eusinu的两端对 x x x求偏导,得
{ e u cos ⁡ v ∂ u ∂ x − e u sin ⁡ v ∂ v ∂ x = 1 , e u sin ⁡ v ∂ u ∂ x + e u cos ⁡ v ∂ v ∂ x = 0. \begin{cases} e^u\cos v\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}-e^u\sin v\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial x}=1,\\ e^u\sin v\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}+e^u\cos v\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial x}=0. \end{cases} eucosvxueusinvxv=1,eusinvxu+eucosvxv=0.
  由以上方程组解得
∂ u ∂ x = e − u cos ⁡ v , ∂ v ∂ x = − e − u sin ⁡ v . \cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}=e^{-u}\cos v,\quad\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial x}=-e^{-u}\sin v. xu=eucosv,xv=eusinv.
  从而
∂ z ∂ x = e − u ( v cos ⁡ v − u sin ⁡ v ) . \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}=e^{-u}(v\cos v-u\sin v). xz=eu(vcosvusinv).
  同理
∂ z ∂ y = ∂ z ∂ u ⋅ ∂ u ∂ y + ∂ z ∂ v ⋅ ∂ v ∂ y = v ∂ u ∂ y + u ∂ v ∂ y . \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\cdot\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\cdot\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial y}=v\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}+u\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial y}. yz=uzyu+vzyv=vyu+uyv.
  分别在 x = e u cos ⁡ v x=e^u\cos v x=eucosv y = e u sin ⁡ u y=e^u\sin u y=eusinu的两端对 y y y求偏导数,得
{ e u cos ⁡ v ∂ u ∂ y − e u sin ⁡ v ∂ v ∂ y = 0 , e u sin ⁡ v ∂ u ∂ y + e u cos ⁡ v ∂ v ∂ y = 1. \begin{cases} e^u\cos v\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}-e^u\sin v\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial y}=0,\\ e^u\sin v\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}+e^u\cos v\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial y}=1. \end{cases} eucosvyueusinvyv=0,eusinvyu+eucosvyv=1.
  由以上方程组解得
∂ u ∂ y = e − u sin ⁡ v , ∂ v ∂ x = e − u cos ⁡ v . \cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}=e^{-u}\sin v,\quad\cfrac{\partial v}{\partial x}=e^{-u}\cos v. yu=eusinv,xv=eucosv.
  从而
∂ z ∂ y = e − u ( u cos ⁡ v + v sin ⁡ v ) . \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=e^{-u}(u\cos v+v\sin v). yz=eu(ucosv+vsinv).
这道题主要利用了隐函数求导的方法求解

16.求函数 u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 u=x^2+y^2+z^2 u=x2+y2+z2在椭球面 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 = 1 \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1 a2x2+b2y2+c2z2=1上点处沿 M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M_0(x_0,y_0,z_0) M0(x0,y0,z0)外法线方向的方向导数。

  椭球面在点 M 0 M_0 M0处的沿外法线方向的一个向量为 n = ( x 0 a 2 , y 0 b 2 , z 0 c 2 ) \bm{n}=\left(\cfrac{x_0}{a^2},\cfrac{y_0}{b^2},\cfrac{z_0}{c^2}\right) n=(a2x0,b2y0,c2z0)
e n = 1 x 0 2 a 4 + y 0 2 b 4 + z 0 2 c 4 ( x 0 a 2 , y 0 b 2 , z 0 c 2 ) . ∂ z ∂ n ∣ ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = 1 x 0 2 a 4 + y 0 2 b 4 + z 0 2 c 4 ( 2 x 0 ⋅ x 0 a 2 + 2 y 0 ⋅ y 0 b 2 + 2 z 0 ⋅ z 0 c 2 ) = 2 x 0 2 a 4 + y 0 2 b 4 + z 0 2 c 4 . \bm{e_n}=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{\cfrac{x^2_0}{a^4}+\cfrac{y^2_0}{b^4}+\cfrac{z^2_0}{c^4}}}\left(\cfrac{x_0}{a^2},\cfrac{y_0}{b^2},\cfrac{z_0}{c^2}\right).\\ \begin{aligned} \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial n}\biggm\vert_{(x_0,y_0,z_0)}&=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{\cfrac{x^2_0}{a^4}+\cfrac{y^2_0}{b^4}+\cfrac{z^2_0}{c^4}}}\left(2x_0\cdot\cfrac{x_0}{a^2}+2y_0\cdot\cfrac{y_0}{b^2}+2z_0\cdot\cfrac{z_0}{c^2}\right)\\ &=\cfrac{2}{\sqrt{\cfrac{x^2_0}{a^4}+\cfrac{y^2_0}{b^4}+\cfrac{z^2_0}{c^4}}}. \end{aligned} en=a4x02+b4y02+c4z02 1(a2x0,b2y0,c2z0).nz(x0,y0,z0)=a4x02+b4y02+c4z02 1(2x0a2x0+2y0b2y0+2z0c2z0)=a4x02+b4y02+c4z02 2.
这道题主要利用了椭球面的外法线的公式求解

17.求平面 x 3 + y 4 + z 5 = 1 \cfrac{x}{3}+\cfrac{y}{4}+\cfrac{z}{5}=1 3x+4y+5z=1和柱面 x 2 + y 2 = 1 x^2+y^2=1 x2+y2=1的交线上与 x O y xOy xOy平面距离最短的点。

  设交线上的点为 M ( x , y , z ) M(x,y,z) M(x,y,z),它到 x O y xOy xOy面上距离的平方为 z 2 z^2 z2。问题就成为求函数 z 2 z^2 z2在约束条件 x 3 + y 4 + z 5 = 1 \cfrac{x}{3}+\cfrac{y}{4}+\cfrac{z}{5}=1 3x+4y+5z=1 x 2 + y 2 = 1 x^2+y^2=1 x2+y2=1下的最小值问题。作拉格朗日函数
L = z 2 + λ ( x 3 + y 4 + z 5 − 1 ) + μ ( x 2 + y 2 − 1 ) . L=z^2+\lambda\left(\cfrac{x}{3}+\cfrac{y}{4}+\cfrac{z}{5}-1\right)+\mu(x^2+y^2-1). L=z2+λ(3x+4y+5z1)+μ(x2+y21).
  令
{ L x = λ 3 + 2 μ x = 0 , L y = λ 4 + 2 μ y = 0 , L z = 2 z + λ 5 = 0. \begin{cases} L_x&=\cfrac{\lambda}{3}+2\mu x=0,\\ L_y&=\cfrac{\lambda}{4}+2\mu y=0,\\ L_z&=2z+\cfrac{\lambda}{5}=0. \end{cases} LxLyLz=3λ+2μx=0,=4λ+2μy=0,=2z+5λ=0.
  又由约束条件,有
x 3 + y 4 + z 5 = 1 , x 2 + y 2 = 1. \cfrac{x}{3}+\cfrac{y}{4}+\cfrac{z}{5}=1,\\ x^2+y^2=1. 3x+4y+5z=1,x2+y2=1.
  解此方程组,得 x = 4 5 x=\cfrac{4}{5} x=54 y = 3 5 y=\cfrac{3}{5} y=53 z = 35 12 z=\cfrac{35}{12} z=1235。于是,得可能的极值点 M 0 ( 4 5 , 3 5 , 35 12 ) M_0\left(\cfrac{4}{5},\cfrac{3}{5},\cfrac{35}{12}\right) M0(54,53,1235)。由问题本身可知,距离最短的点必定存在,因此 M 0 M_0 M0就是所求的点。
这道题主要利用了多约束条件的拉格朗日函数求解

18.在第一卦线内作椭球面 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 = 1 \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1 a2x2+b2y2+c2z2=1的切平面,使该切平面与三坐标面所围成的四面体的体积最小。求这切平面的切点,并求此最小体积。

  设切点为 M ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M(x_0,y_0,z_0) M(x0,y0,z0) F ( x , y , z ) = x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 − 1 F(x,y,z)=\cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}-1 F(x,y,z)=a2x2+b2y2+c2z21
n = ( F x , F y , F z ) = ( 2 x a 2 , 2 y b 2 , 2 z c 2 ) . \bm{n}=(F_x,F_y,F_z)=\left(\cfrac{2x}{a^2},\cfrac{2y}{b^2},\cfrac{2z}{c^2}\right). n=(Fx,Fy,Fz)=(a22x,b22y,c22z).
  曲面在点处的切平面方程为
x 0 a 2 ( x − x 0 ) + y 0 b 2 ( y − y 0 ) + z 0 c 2 ( z − z 0 ) = 0. \cfrac{x_0}{a^2}(x-x_0)+\cfrac{y_0}{b^2}(y-y_0)+\cfrac{z_0}{c^2}(z-z_0)=0. a2x0(xx0)+b2y0(yy0)+c2z0(zz0)=0.
  即
x 0 x a 2 + y 0 y b 2 + z 0 z c 2 = 1 \cfrac{x_0x}{a^2}+\cfrac{y_0y}{b^2}+\cfrac{z_0z}{c^2}=1 a2x0x+b2y0y+c2z0z=1
  于是,切平面在三个坐标轴上的截距依次为 a 2 x 0 \cfrac{a^2}{x_0} x0a2 b 2 y 0 \cfrac{b^2}{y_0} y0b2 c 2 z 0 \cfrac{c^2}{z_0} z0c2,切平面与三个坐标面所围成的四面体的体积为
V = 1 6 ⋅ a 2 b 2 c 2 x 0 y 0 z 0 . V=\cfrac{1}{6}\cdot\cfrac{a^2b^2c^2}{x_0y_0z_0}. V=61x0y0z0a2b2c2.
  在 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 = 1 \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1 a2x2+b2y2+c2z2=1的条件下,求 V V V的最小值,即求分母 x y z xyz xyz的最大值。作拉格朗日函数
L ( x , y , z ) = x y z + λ ( x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 − 1 ) . L(x,y,z)=xyz+\lambda(\cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}-1). L(x,y,z)=xyz+λ(a2x2+b2y2+c2z21).
  令
{ L x = y z + 2 λ x a 2 = 0 , ( 1 ) L y = x z + 2 λ y b 2 = 0 , ( 2 ) L z = x y + 2 λ z c 2 = 0. ( 3 ) \begin{cases} L_x=yz+\cfrac{2\lambda x}{a^2}=0,&\qquad(1)\\ L_y=xz+\cfrac{2\lambda y}{b^2}=0,&\qquad(2)\\ L_z=xy+\cfrac{2\lambda z}{c^2}=0.&\qquad(3) \end{cases} Lx=yz+a22λx=0,Ly=xz+b22λy=0,Lz=xy+c22λz=0.(1)(2)(3)
   ( 1 ) ⋅ x + ( 2 ) ⋅ y + ( 3 ) ⋅ z (1)\cdot x+(2)\cdot y+(3)\cdot z (1)x+(2)y+(3)z,并由约束条件 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z 2 c 2 = 1 \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1 a2x2+b2y2+c2z2=1,得
x 2 a 2 = y 2 b 2 = z 2 c 2 = 1 3 . \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}=\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}=\cfrac{z^2}{c^2}=\cfrac{1}{3}. a2x2=b2y2=c2z2=31.
  从而
x = a 3 , y = b 3 , z = c 3 . x=\cfrac{a}{\sqrt{3}},\quad y=\cfrac{b}{\sqrt{3}},\quad z=\cfrac{c}{\sqrt{3}}. x=3 a,y=3 b,z=3 c.
  于是,得可能的极值点 M ( a 3 , b 3 , c 3 ) M\left(\cfrac{a}{\sqrt{3}},\cfrac{b}{\sqrt{3}},\cfrac{c}{\sqrt{3}}\right) M(3 a,3 b,3 c)。由此问题的性质可知,所求切点为 M ( a 3 , b 3 , c 3 ) M\left(\cfrac{a}{\sqrt{3}},\cfrac{b}{\sqrt{3}},\cfrac{c}{\sqrt{3}}\right) M(3 a,3 b,3 c),四面体的最小体积为
V m i n = 3 2 a b c . V_{min}=\cfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}abc. Vmin=23 abc.
这道题主要利用了空间几何和多元函数的综合计算求解

写在最后

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