英语语法——名词和名词性从句
文章目录
- 一、名词能充当的成分
- 二、什么是名词性从句。
- 三、名词性从句的引导词
- 四、考点分析
- 1. 写作
- 2. 长难句分析
- 1. 如何识别主语从句：
- 2. 如何识别宾语从句
- 3. 如何识别表语从句
- 4. 如何识别同位语从句
一、名词能充当的成分
- 主语，The movie looks terrific.
- 宾语，I admire his mother
- 表语，Gump is a man.
- 同位语，I enjoy the part, the beginning.
同位语：用来解释名词的成分就是同位语。
I like Eason, a well-known singer from Hongkong.
My mother, a typical housewife, enjoys playing Mahjong, a Chinese entertainment.
只要在作文中见到名词都可以有意识的在它后面加同位语，对该名词进行补充说明。
坚持在成功中起着重要的作用。
Persistence an active mentality plays a critical role in the glories of all children and adults.
同位语成分：
- n
- 代词
- 非谓语
- 从句
二、什么是名词性从句。
- What I saw looks terrific.
- I admin what she said.
- Gump is who we should learn from.
- I enjoy the part that a bird is flying in the sky.
名词在句子中能充当的成分，从句都能充当，这就是名词性从句。
三、名词性从句的引导词
名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分类，一共把引导词分3类：
That： 当从句是陈述句时。并且That在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思。
Whether：当从句是一般疑问句时。并且Whether也不在从句中充当成分，意思是是否。
所有特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时。
引导词后要接陈述句
他已经离婚了是我的错.
- 改错：He has got devoiced is my fault.
- That he has got devoiced is my fault.
他已经离婚了吗是显而易见的。(一般疑问句暗含是否的意思）
- 改错： Has he got divorced is obvious.
- Whether he has got divorced is obvious.
他将和谁结婚是个秘密。Who本身就是引导词
- 改错：Who will he marry is a secret.
- Who he will marry is a secret.
并且英语中所有的从句都一定是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式。
练习：
-
我正在思考外星人存在吗?(一般疑问句)(暗含是否）
I am wondering whether aliens exist.（宾语从句） -
女人总是对的是一个常识。
That ladies tend to be right remains common knowledge.(主语从句) -
我的意思是孝敬父母是中华民族传统美德
My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a Chinese convention virtue.(表语从句） -
有一天你会发现事业亲情友情都比爱情重要。
Someday, one(你) will perceive that career, kindship and friendship prove more indispensable than romance.(that引导宾语从句) -
关键是你什么时候有钱呀？
The point seems when wealth will become available for you.
四、考点分析
1. 写作
- 主语从句在写作中的应用：
主语从句的满分句型：
可以写在作为中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子。
把主语从句放在句末，用it作形式主语。
几个满分句型：
- It… that…
- It is apparent that… 显而易见……
- It looks beyond dispute that… 众所周知……
- It has been widely accepted that… 普遍被接受…
- It is universally acknowledged that…
- It keeps my argument that… 我认为…
练习：
It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.
显而易见，关于勤奋的话题已经引起广泛关注了。
- 同位语从句
The matter that he managed to find a girlfirend makes his superiors rejoiced
manage to do 成功的做了
同位语从句即可放在他所解释的名词后也可放在句子后。
Nothing can hide the truth that he is getting old.
This outlook proves wrong that private individuals in Henan seem all deceivers.
The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by their senior citizens.
温室里的花朵不能接受风雨，这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子。
2. 长难句分析
快速找到句子的主谓宾定状补。分部分翻译再通顺表达。
能够识别各个名词性从句，并且把他们快速地翻译出来。
1. 如何识别主语从句：
只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句没有被逗号隔开，就一定是主语从句。主语从句从名词后开始到主句的谓语结束。
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute。
除此以外，见到it… that也通常是主语，主语从句从that开始到that结束。
例2：
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
(主语从句是个Whether or的并列句，or后面有省略成分。issue后是定语从句。)
译：
政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学投资还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投资经常取决于哪一个被看做核心驱动力。
例3：
How well the predictions will be vaildated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
（英语习惯用被动，翻译后尽量用主动）（and ˇ on the skill 省略的depends）
译：
以后的行为将会在多大程度上证明这些预言，取决于所使用的信息的数量、适合性、可靠性，并且还取决于解释这些信息的技巧和智慧之上。
例4：
It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one of who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.
(主语是that 到句末结束，谓语是is agreed组成被动)
译：
显而易见，一个高智商的人是能够轻易的理解思想，明辨是非，逻辑推理并且能够使用语言和数学的符号解决问题。
例5：
For example, it has long been known that tolal sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.
(谓语：has been known）（deprive sb of sth剥夺）
译：
众所周知，完全的睡眠剥对老鼠来说夺是绝对致命的，但是通过检查这些死尸这些动物看起来完全正常。
例6：
Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s enconomy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
(主语从句是由两个从句并列的，第一个谓语is directly bound up with，第二个谓语rests upon）
译
显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力是和工农业的效率有着直接的关系，并且这反过来这取决于各类科学家可技术专家的努力。
2. 如何识别宾语从句
只要实义动词后有引导词，暂定宾语从句（状语从句还没有将呦）。
例1：
She said (that) she would marry an old rich.
只有在宾语从句中that可以省略，正式文体不省略。
例2：
I wonder if I can pass the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination smoothly.
（if翻译为是否，if只引导宾语从句，whether引导所有名词性从句）
我担心是否能稳定的通过考研。
例3：
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in. A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
（主语前面一定是状语）（underlined 动词：强调，名词：下划线）（out of 在…之中，在…中外，取决于语境）
这单独的说明了电视行业不是一个容易生存的世界，一个有数据支撑的事实表明在80个欧洲电视网络之中不少于50%的企业是亏损的在1989年。
例4：
He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to deetct errors in reasoning and in his own observations.
compensating n. 补偿；修正；抵消 v. 补偿（compensate的ing形式）adj. 补偿的；平衡的
force sb to do sth 强迫某人某事
intently adv. 专心地；一心一意地；心无旁骛地
in doing sth 在…过程中
他认为这个就是这个困难可能具有补偿性的优势，这个优势促使他去长时间的认真的思考每一个句子。所以使他能够发现推理中和观察中的错误。
例5：
You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction that by help of these operation, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature centain natural laws, and that out of these , by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.
(it做形式宾语，三个that都是指代it）
你听说过这些事情被重复吧，科学家通过归纳法和演绎法，通过这些操作的帮助他们成功的从自然中抽出一些自然法则，并且在这些自然法则之中，通过他们自己特殊的技能，他们建立起自己的理论。
3. 如何识别表语从句
只要系统词后面有引导词就是表语从句。
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them.
一个有去美国游客不断带回的报告美国人对他们多么的友好、热情。
Galileo’s greastest glory was that in 1609 he was the first persion to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
伽利略最伟大的成就是，在1609年用新发明的望远镜观察天空，从而发现行星绕着太阳转而不是地球的人。
4. 如何识别同位语从句
只要名词后面有引导词就暂定为同位语从句(更可能是定语从句95%）。
例1：
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
对语言和思想的关系感兴趣，沃尔夫形成一种想法，语言的结构决定了一个社会中习惯性的思维模式。
例2：
A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that deams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.
（主谓宾结构）
一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德说明他革命性的理论，梦是我们无意识的欲望和恐惧的缩影。
例3：
But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
（understand前面有引导词that，故不是主句的谓语动词）（谓语 rests on）（rests on = depend on 取决于）
记者必须要比普通人更加深刻懂得法律的这种想法，取决于对风俗的理解还取决于对新闻媒体的特殊责任。
例4：
Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by baies as young as 6 months old.
Evidence came up 主谓结构（同位语从句放在句后修饰evidence）
六个月大的儿童能够识别具体的声音的证据已经出现。
例5：
Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.
被动结构，翻译中状语提前
为了保证有罪的判决，鼓励证人在法庭上夸大他们的故事的担心出现了。
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