2019独角兽企业重金招聘Python工程师标准>>> 
1.安装软件包的三种方法。
- 使用RPM工具安装某一个程序时，有可能因为该程序包依赖另一个程序包而无法安装。
- 使用yum工具时，就可以连同依赖的程序包一起安装。
- 源码包安装
2.rpm包介绍。
- linux系统中存在着一个关于RPM的数据库，它记录了安装的包以及包与包之间的依赖关系。
- RPM包是预先在linux机器上编译并打包的文件，安装非常快捷。
- 缺点：安装环境必须与编译时的环境一致或者相当，包与包之间存在着相互依赖的情况，卸载包时需要先把依赖的包卸载。如果依赖的包是系统所必需的，就不能卸载这个包，否则系统会崩溃。
- 每个RPM包的名称都由-和.分成若干部分。
- 有些RPM包并没有写具体的平台而是noarch，说明这个RPM包没有硬件平台限制。
加载光驱
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
mount: /dev/sr0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
CentOS_BuildTag GPL LiveOS RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
EFI images Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
EULA isolinux repodata TRANS.TBL
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/Packages/|head
389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-18.el7.x86_64.rpm
389-ds-base-libs-1.3.7.5-18.el7.x86_64.rpm
abattis-cantarell-fonts-0.0.25-1.el7.noarch.rpm
abrt-2.1.11-50.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-50.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-kerneloops-2.1.11-50.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-pstoreoops-2.1.11-50.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-python-2.1.11-50.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-vmcore-2.1.11-50.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-xorg-2.1.11-50.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
3.rpm工具介绍
安装PRM命令
cd /mnt/Packages/
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7.x86_64.rpm
准备中... ################################# [100%]
正在升级/安装...
1:libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7 ################################# [100%]
- -i：表示安装
- -v：表示可视化
- -h：表示显示安装进度
- --force：表示强制安装，即使覆盖属于其他包的文件也要安装。
- --nodeps：表示当要安装的RPM包依赖于其他包时，即使其他包没有安装，也要安装这个包。
升级RPM包
rpm -Uvh filename -U选项表示升级。
卸载RPM包
rpm -qa：先查
rpm -e filename
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa libjpeg-turbo-devel
libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -e libjpeg-turbo-devel
-e 选项后的filename和安装时有区别的。安装时，是把一个存在的文件作为参数，而卸载时需要包名即可。
查询一个包是否已安装
rpm -q RPM 包名 包名是不带平台信息和后缀名的。
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7.x86_64.rpm
准备中... ################################# [100%]
正在升级/安装...
1:libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q libjpeg-turbo-devel
libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7.x86_64
rpm -qa 查询当前系统所有已安装的RPM包。
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q libjpeg-turbo-devel
libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa |head
desktop-file-utils-0.23-1.el7.x86_64
man-db-2.6.3-9.el7.x86_64
ibus-gtk2-1.5.17-2.el7.x86_64
libreport-python-2.1.11-40.el7.centos.x86_64
hyperv-daemons-0-0.32.20161211git.el7.x86_64
tzdata-2018c-1.el7.noarch
libX11-common-1.6.5-1.el7.noarch
kexec-tools-2.0.15-13.el7.x86_64
keybinder3-0.3.0-1.el7.x86_64
libvisual-0.4.0-16.el7.x86_64
得到一个已安装的RPM包的相关信息
rpm -qi 包名，不需要加平台信息和后缀名。
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qi libjpeg-turbo-devel
Name : libjpeg-turbo-devel
Version : 1.2.90
Release : 5.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: 2018年06月26日 星期二 15时04分27秒
Group : Development/Libraries
Size : 321621
License : IJG
Signature : RSA/SHA256, 2014年07月04日 星期五 10时55分32秒, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : libjpeg-turbo-1.2.90-5.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : 2014年06月10日 星期二 11时48分52秒
Build Host : worker1.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://sourceforge.net/projects/libjpeg-turbo
Summary : Headers for the libjpeg-turbo library
Description :
This package contains header files necessary for developing programs which
will manipulate JPEG files using the libjpeg-turbo library.
列出一个RPM包的安装文件
rpm -ql 包名
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ql libjpeg-turbo-devel
/usr/include/jconfig.h
/usr/include/jerror.h
/usr/include/jmorecfg.h
/usr/include/jpeglib.h
/usr/lib64/libjpeg.so
/usr/share/doc/libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90
/usr/share/doc/libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90/coderules.txt
/usr/share/doc/libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90/example.c
/usr/share/doc/libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90/jconfig.txt
/usr/share/doc/libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90/libjpeg.txt
/usr/share/doc/libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90/structure.txt
列出某个文件属于哪个rpm包
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/lib64/libjpeg.so
libjpeg-turbo-devel-1.2.90-5.el7.x86_64
4.yum工具的用法
列出所有可用的RPM包
yum list
[root@localhost Packages]# yum list |head -n 20
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
已安装的软件包
GConf2.x86_64 3.2.6-8.el7 @base
GeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-11.el7 @anaconda
ModemManager.x86_64 1.6.10-1.el7 @base
ModemManager-glib.x86_64 1.6.10-1.el7 @base
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5 @updates
NetworkManager-adsl.x86_64 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5 @updates
NetworkManager-bluetooth.x86_64 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5 @updates
NetworkManager-glib.x86_64 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5 @updates
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5 @updates
NetworkManager-libreswan.x86_64 1.2.4-2.el7 @base
NetworkManager-libreswan-gnome.x86_64 1.2.4-2.el7 @base
NetworkManager-ppp.x86_64 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5 @updates
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5 @updates
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.10.2-14.el7_5 @updates
搜索RPM包
yum search vim [相关关键词]
[root@localhost Packages]# yum search vim
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
====================================================================================== N/S matched: vim =======================================================================================
protobuf-vim.x86_64 : Vim syntax highlighting for Google Protocol Buffers descriptions
vim-X11.x86_64 : The VIM version of the vi editor for the X Window System
vim-common.x86_64 : The common files needed by any version of the VIM editor
vim-enhanced.x86_64 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
vim-filesystem.x86_64 : VIM filesystem layout
vim-minimal.x86_64 : A minimal version of the VIM editor
用grep来过滤，从而找到相应的RPM包
[root@localhost Packages]# yum list |grep 'vim'
vim-common.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 @base
vim-enhanced.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 @base
vim-filesystem.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 @base
vim-minimal.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 @anaconda
protobuf-vim.x86_64 2.5.0-8.el7 base
vim-X11.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 base 安装RPM包
yum install [-y] [RPM包名]，不加-y选项，以用户交互的方式安装。
[root@localhost Packages]# yum install -y protobuf-vim
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
extras | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 protobuf-vim.x86_64.0.2.5.0-8.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
Package 架构 版本 源 大小
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
正在安装:
protobuf-vim x86_64 2.5.0-8.el7 base 8.7 k
事务概要
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
安装 1 软件包
总下载量：8.7 k
安装大小：3.7 k
Downloading packages:
protobuf-vim-2.5.0-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 8.7 kB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
警告：RPM 数据库已被非 yum 程序修改。
正在安装 : protobuf-vim-2.5.0-8.el7.x86_64 1/1
验证中 : protobuf-vim-2.5.0-8.el7.x86_64 1/1
已安装:
protobuf-vim.x86_64 0:2.5.0-8.el7
完毕！
卸载RPM包
yum remove [-y] [RPM包名].
[root@localhost Packages]# yum remove protobuf-vim
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 protobuf-vim.x86_64.0.2.5.0-8.el7 将被 删除
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
Package 架构 版本 源 大小
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
正在删除:
protobuf-vim x86_64 2.5.0-8.el7 @base 3.7 k
事务概要
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
移除 1 软件包
安装大小：3.7 k
是否继续？[y/N]：y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
正在删除 : protobuf-vim-2.5.0-8.el7.x86_64 1/1
验证中 : protobuf-vim-2.5.0-8.el7.x86_64 1/1
删除:
protobuf-vim.x86_64 0:2.5.0-8.el7
完毕！
升级RPM包
yum update [-y] [RPM包]。
[root@localhost Packages]# yum update bash
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
No packages marked for update
5.yum搭建本地仓库
挂载光盘
[root@localhost Packages]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
mount: /dev/sr0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载
mount: /dev/sr0 已经挂载或 /mnt 忙
/dev/sr0 已经挂载到 /mnt 上
删除/etc/yum.repos.d目录下所有的repo文件（删除之前，最好先做一个备份）。
[root@localhost Packages]# cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d /etc/yum.repos.d_bak
[root@localhost Packages]# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*
创建新文件dvd.repo。
[root@localhost Packages]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/dvd.repo
刷新repos生成缓存。安装tftp的RPM包。
[root@localhost Packages]# yum makecache
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
dvd | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
(1/4): dvd/group_gz | 166 kB 00:00:00
(2/4): dvd/filelists_db | 3.1 MB 00:00:00
(3/4): dvd/primary_db | 3.1 MB 00:00:00
(4/4): dvd/other_db | 1.3 MB 00:00:00
元数据缓存已建立
[root@localhost Packages]# yum install -y tftp
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 tftp.x86_64.0.5.2-22.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
Package 架构 版本 源 大小
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
正在安装:
tftp x86_64 5.2-22.el7 dvd 38 k
事务概要
===============================================================================================================================================================================================
安装 1 软件包
总下载量：38 k
安装大小：52 k
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
正在安装 : tftp-5.2-22.el7.x86_64 1/1
验证中 : tftp-5.2-22.el7.x86_64 1/1
已安装:
tftp.x86_64 0:5.2-22.el7
完毕！