java并发编程-Executor框架

java并发编程-构建块

Executor框架是指java 5中引入的一系列并发库中与executor相关的一些功能类,其中包括线程池,Executor,Executors,ExecutorService,CompletionService,Future,Callable等。他们的关系为:


 

并发编程的一种编程方式是把任务拆分为一些列的小任务,即Runnable,然后在提交给一个Executor执行,Executor.execute(Runnalbe) 。Executor在执行时使用内部的线程池完成操作。

一、创建线程池

Executors类,提供了一系列工厂方法用于创先线程池,返回的线程池都实现了ExecutorService接口。

public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)

创建固定数目线程的线程池。

public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool()

创建一个可缓存的线程池,调用execute 将重用以前构造的线程(如果线程可用)。如果现有线程没有可用的,则创建一个新线程并添加到池中。终止并从缓存中移除那些已有 60 秒钟未被使用的线程。

public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor()

创建一个单线程化的Executor。

public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize)

创建一个支持定时及周期性的任务执行的线程池,多数情况下可用来替代Timer类。

Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
Runnable task = new Runnable() {
	@Override
	public void run() {
		System.out.println("task over");
	}
};
executor.execute(task);

executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10);
ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = (ScheduledExecutorService) executor;
scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(task, 10, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

 二、ExecutorService与生命周期

ExecutorService扩展了Executor并添加了一些生命周期管理的方法。一个Executor的生命周期有三种状态,运行关闭终止 。Executor创建时处于运行状态。当调用ExecutorService.shutdown()后,处于关闭状态,isShutdown()方法返回true。这时,不应该再想Executor中添加任务,所有已添加的任务执行完毕后,Executor处于终止状态,isTerminated()返回true。

如果Executor处于关闭状态,往Executor提交任务会抛出unchecked exception RejectedExecutionException。

ExecutorService executorService = (ExecutorService) executor;
while (!executorService.isShutdown()) {
	try {
		executorService.execute(task);
	} catch (RejectedExecutionException ignored) {
		
	}
}
executorService.shutdown();

 三、使用Callable,Future返回结果

Future代表一个异步执行的操作,通过get()方法可以获得操作的结果,如果异步操作还没有完成,则,get()会使当前线程阻塞。FutureTask实现了Future和Runable。Callable代表一个有返回值得操作。

		Callable func = new Callable(){
			public Integer call() throws Exception {
				System.out.println("inside callable");
				Thread.sleep(1000);
				return new Integer(8);
			}		
		};		
		FutureTask futureTask  = new FutureTask(func);
		Thread newThread = new Thread(futureTask);
		newThread.start();
		
		try {
			System.out.println("blocking here");
			Integer result = futureTask.get();
			System.out.println(result);
		} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
		} catch (ExecutionException ignored) {
		}

 ExecutoreService提供了submit()方法,传递一个Callable,或Runnable,返回Future。如果Executor后台线程池还没有完成Callable的计算,这调用返回Future对象的get()方法,会阻塞直到计算完成。

例子:并行计算数组的和。

package executorservice;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;

public class ConcurrentCalculator {

	private ExecutorService exec;
	private int cpuCoreNumber;
	private List> tasks = new ArrayList>();

	// 内部类
	class SumCalculator implements Callable {
		private int[] numbers;
		private int start;
		private int end;

		public SumCalculator(final int[] numbers, int start, int end) {
			this.numbers = numbers;
			this.start = start;
			this.end = end;
		}

		public Long call() throws Exception {
			Long sum = 0l;
			for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
				sum += numbers[i];
			}
			return sum;
		}
	}

	public ConcurrentCalculator() {
		cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
		exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
	}

	public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
		// 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务,创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
		for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
			int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
			int start = increment * i;
			int end = increment * i + increment;
			if (end > numbers.length)
				end = numbers.length;
			SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);
			FutureTask task = new FutureTask(subCalc);
			tasks.add(task);
			if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
				exec.submit(task);
			}
		}
		return getResult();
	}

	/**
	 * 迭代每个只任务,获得部分和,相加返回
	 * 
	 * @return
	 */
	public Long getResult() {
		Long result = 0l;
		for (Future task : tasks) {
			try {
				// 如果计算未完成则阻塞
				Long subSum = task.get();
				result += subSum;
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			} catch (ExecutionException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		return result;
	}

	public void close() {
		exec.shutdown();
	}
}

 Main

int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 };
ConcurrentCalculator calc = new ConcurrentCalculator();
Long sum = calc.sum(numbers);
System.out.println(sum);
calc.close();

 四、CompletionService

在刚在的例子中,getResult()方法的实现过程中,迭代了FutureTask的数组,如果任务还没有完成则当前线程会阻塞,如果我们希望任意字任务完成后就把其结果加到result中,而不用依次等待每个任务完成,可以使CompletionService。生产者submit()执行的任务。使用者take()已完成的任务,并按照完成这些任务的顺序处理它们的结果 。也就是调用CompletionService的take方法是,会返回按完成顺序放回任务的结果,CompletionService内部维护了一个阻塞队列BlockingQueue,如果没有任务完成,take()方法也会阻塞。修改刚才的例子使用CompletionService:

public class ConcurrentCalculator2 {

	private ExecutorService exec;
	private CompletionService completionService;


	private int cpuCoreNumber;

	// 内部类
	class SumCalculator implements Callable {
		......
	}

	public ConcurrentCalculator2() {
		cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
		exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
		completionService = new ExecutorCompletionService(exec);


	}

	public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
		// 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务,创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
		for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
			int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
			int start = increment * i;
			int end = increment * i + increment;
			if (end > numbers.length)
				end = numbers.length;
			SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);	
			if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
				completionService.submit(subCalc);


			}
			
		}
		return getResult();
	}

	/**
	 * 迭代每个只任务,获得部分和,相加返回
	 * 
	 * @return
	 */
	public Long getResult() {
		Long result = 0l;
		for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {			
			try {
				Long subSum = completionService.take().get();
				result += subSum;			
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			} catch (ExecutionException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		return result;
	}

	public void close() {
		exec.shutdown();
	}
}

 五、例子HtmlRender

该例子模拟浏览器的Html呈现过程,先呈现文本,再异步下载图片,下载完毕每个图片即显示,见附件eclipse项目htmlreander包。

 

所有代码见附件,Eclipse项目。本文参考《Java并发编程实践 》。

 

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