so searching for truths and searching for a certain starting point, the first made six meditations for six days, in the first meditation the first meditations is exposing the doubt of everything.
in the second meditation, Descartes is discovering this starting point absolutely sure, I think therefore I am, that clear, the third meditation is proving something else, the existence, what about the existence.
when I don't think, that I exist. what I discovered is that I’m sure to exist, when I am thinking or reflecting on it, but what if I don't think about my existence, I have to prove that these existence continues when I’m not thinking on it, therefore I don't tell you the details, Descartes has to prove it, has to discover the cause of my existence, what makes me exist and according to him.
it's god, first truth of the existence of god, a problem remains, the problem is even if I discovered this connection between because a truth, the fact is I have make mistaken many times, so I have to explain errors, that's very important, why am I mistaken if there is such a connection, because between my thought and the truth, where am I mistaken.
so forth meditation is about error, and after all these we may conquer it all the ids, but we adopted everything, but we need to the ids of external bodies and so on, so in the fifth meditation, we come back to the problem of the truth, and we prove that the mathematical ids and the principle of physics are true.
we come back to mathematics and physics, the meditations experience the principles of Descartes physics, and therefore I interested in your salary, therefore Descartes has to give a second proof of the existence of god, so you can prove the existence of god, the six meditations already, it's probably the hardest, I am not only the soul that sinks, and knows external bodies mathematical troops and so on.
I’m not on the spirits, I am a whole man that is to say I have a body, and my soul is deeply linked to a particular body, there is according to the Descartes, some union between a mind and body, and this very difficult topic is exposed in the sixth and last meditation of Descartes.
union of a soul with the body, I repeat so you have a scenery of Descartes meditations, and I repeat please do take this serious, this is the most important book in the history of early modern philosophy in the west, from early modern western philosophy, today and in my inquiry, I will only one day with the first medication, concerning is adopt,
and you will see that was my hypothesis that what Descartes discovered considering the hypothesis of astronomers, these of a great use about their fictions, is of a great use to understand his metaphysics ， well let's come to this.
there is an objections and objection a games the Descartes, something important about this scenery, something very important in the future, Descartes is presenting this as a story, his own story when we decided to search the truth.
remember this, those are not values topic exposed on a systematic way, this is presented as the story of a mind, do remember this it will be important, of course as you guess, the Descartes meditations and counted many critics, obviously many critics, and the most interesting authors also among those who criticized Descartes is a materialist philosopher, of her his name, is Gath Sandy these objections are very clever, and very strong against the Descartes meditations guess sense.
they concern every point in the book, but the objections that interest me are about the first meditation, as I told you, Descartes begins by exploding the reasons, we have to doubt our ids, but do consider that he will rediscover those ids at the end of the book, it will prove the existence of external bodies and so on, therefore in the first meditation, the superstitions exposed by the Descartes, are false true， positions they're false the catholic church writing, what if external body did not exist what if the mathematical ids were false etc.
that's those are false superstitions, and the objection raised by Gath Sandy this regard conscience, the very possibility of the belief sin the thirsty of all opinions, how is it possible to believe that all opinions of films, how is it too well, I will tell it on an easy way, how is it possible to take in serious, how is it possible to take it serious, how is it possible to believe that all our opinions are false, that is Gath Sandy's objection, including opinions that accept the existence of an external world considered that in this meditation, Descartes has to consider the external world, does not exist, and the issue of humans have to guess and Gath Sandy refuse is a dream argument.
he cannot accept the dream of humans， in so far are these arguments would be seriously assumed by the Descartes, you see the absorption of gas and do you understand this, how do you see what is the objection, I guess and the Descartes， how do you seriously believe that's the external world, has no more existence， then the creatures and the of the objects we dream, how can you seriously believe . what interests me is the answer of the Descartes, absence, for it he is adopting a particular view on his argument.
in his response to Gath Sandy, he's taking a purely theoretical view of the arguments, which in the first meditation, just remember what I told you a few minutes ago, this is a story, the story of a mind but in huge risk owns take to proceed the same way, that does not perceive, the same way he's presenting the arguments and the dream of unit on a purely epistemic or a theoretical point of view.
this will be very important remember, and what is his answer, were a true philosopher, should recognize but the reasons to adopt false supposition, another goes to the fictions of the astronomers and again, we find a reference to the fictions, what is answering Descartes, my arguments are face superstitions just like the fictions of the astronomers.
this is the way of Descartes answers to Gath Sandy, which is of course very important a few days, the philosopher was not an easy guy frankly, was not an easy guy, so this is the way speaks to guess and you're not a true philosopher, who is not polite, a philosopher would be no more surprised at such supposition, then it would being order to straighten out.
a curved stick, we bent it round in the opposite direction, geometrical example, become and that's the point that interests me, that is important to me, he knows that we often take things for true, in order to get closer to the truth, as when astronomers imagine the equator the zodiac and other circles in the sky, that is remarkable, in order to produce the hypothesis, astronomers has to figure in the sky various lines and more precisely value seconds the quarter and so on.
which of course don't exists and use since proposition of fictions are necessary to come to the truth, that is to say in astronomy, to give a prediction on the movement about the movement of the celestial bodies, so Descartes is asking Gath Sandy to consider his reasons for adopt as face superstitions analogous to laws of astronomers to the fictions of astronomers, this is remarkable, what he means, of course is that these things and so on, are false only in so far.
they do not exist, that false in so far don't exist, they are in existence, and let's come to the point they are fifty, to remarks should be make here, my concern first, my concern is not to commend on the values of humans listed in the first meditation, that the use of the astronomical comparison in order to gleam from it a better understanding of the law of fiction in the thinking of the seventeenth century, that is my goal, I don't want to explain the values of humans, I’m interested in this compound reason.
because what I want is to understand the law of fiction in this sinking, secondary, within the framework of my analysis, it is a simple fact, a fact the Descartes provides this with , do consider what were dealing with his giving provides us a major example of entering into philosophy through fiction.
that's a point he is entering into philosophy through fiction not only because this is of course exposition, but it's still, Descartes has to begin with those cells to positions analogous, to use of the astronomers, so he is entering and what I’m going to show you in a few minutes, is that he's not the only one, the entering in philosophy in true fiction.
it is true fiction this is something very striking, we are not talking about poetry, we are talking about the author's, who invented more than rationalism in Europe，however is beginning with a fiction several fictions, you will see later, one precise example about the reasons of was adopt.
I told you several arguments errors of the senses, I believe that this building is a around one and when I come to approach it, in fact it's rectangular with that kind of thing, soon the possibility that we are mad, three the dream, the argument of the dream that is what Gath Sandy is refusing especially refusing you.
we know when we are dreaming and while we not, but I want to tell you a few words about the last argument in the first meditation, I told you the evil did not diamond, his carrying his adult as far as possible, we have no reason when we are doing mathematics to believe according to the Descartes, we have no immediate reason to believe that mathematical ids offense.
so we have to imagine, she's demon evil demon that is convincing our conclusions in mathematics are true, in spite of this fact, that they are false our demonstrations false, but the eagle dinner demon make us believe, that they are not that is these last day, Descartes last argument in the first meditation remember this, it would be important.