近期因为工作需要,开始学习和写爬虫,学习到了很多内容,就整理了一下发上来。
需求
这里爬虫的目的是检测网站的漏洞,因此希望做成类似于burpSuit的历史记录一样的。
初步需求是简单地爬取网站的链接,去重,尝试绕过反爬虫。
更进一步的是希望像burpsuit一样记录网站的各个连接请求,从而获取到更全面的信息。
网址爬虫
简单的采用urllib之类的也是可以完成爬虫的,不过为了后续操作方便,还是学习了一下scrapy框架。
关于框架的内容可以移步 http://www.jianshu.com/p/a8aad3bf4dc4 学习一下。
以及scrapy的文档 http://scrapy-chs.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/0.24/intro/tutorial.html
首先下载安装scrapy:
sudo pip install scrapy
如果出现错误:
'module' object has no attribute 'OP_NO_TLSv1_1'
可以用下面几个命令
sudo pip install --upgrade scrapy
sudo pip install --upgrade twisted
sudo pip install --upgrade pyopenssl
查看一下scrapy的指令:
Scrapy 1.4.0 - no active project
Usage:
scrapy [options] [args]
Available commands:
bench Run quick benchmark test
fetch Fetch a URL using the Scrapy downloader
genspider Generate new spider using pre-defined templates
runspider Run a self-contained spider (without creating a project)
settings Get settings values
shell Interactive scraping console
startproject Create new project
version Print Scrapy version
view Open URL in browser, as seen by Scrapy
[ more ] More commands available when run from project directory
Use "scrapy -h" to see more info about a command
这里新建一个项目
scrapy startproject urlspider
New Scrapy project 'urlspider', using template directory '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/scrapy/templates/project', created in:
/home/qiqi/spider/urlspider
You can start your first spider with:
cd urlspider
scrapy genspider example example.com
下面是项目的目录
ll
total 28
drwxr-sr-x 3 qiqi qiqi 4096 Nov 14 07:10 ./
drwxr-sr-x 3 qiqi qiqi 4096 Nov 14 07:10 ../
-rw-r--r-- 1 qiqi qiqi 0 Nov 14 06:58 __init__.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 qiqi qiqi 288 Nov 14 07:10 items.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 qiqi qiqi 1907 Nov 14 07:10 middlewares.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 qiqi qiqi 289 Nov 14 07:10 pipelines.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 qiqi qiqi 3158 Nov 14 07:10 settings.py
drwxr-sr-x 2 qiqi qiqi 4096 Nov 14 06:58 spiders/
items是存放数据的格式
setting是配置文件
spiders是爬虫的文件,我们的爬虫都放在里面
进入spiders文件夹创建一个爬虫文件
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import Selector
class UrlSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'url'
allowed_domains = ['opencv.org']
start_urls = ['http://opencv.org/']
def parse(self, response):
se = Selector(response)
site = se.xpath('//a/@href').extract()
print site
启动爬虫
scrapy crawl url
这样就能获取到一个页面的连接了,这里用到了scrapy自己的解析工具选择器(seletors),因为他们通过特定的XPath或者CSS表达式来“选择” HTML文件中的某个部分。XPath是一门用来在XML文件中选择节点的语言,也可以用在HTML上。CSS是一门将HTML文档样式化的语言。选择器由它定义,并与特定的HTML元素的样式相关连。Scrapy选择器构建于lxml库之上。
上面的可能会遇到两个标签指向同一个链接或者取到相对url,加上去重部分和补全相对url:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
import urlparse
from scrapy.selector import Selector
class UrlSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name='url'
allowed_domains= ['opencv.org']
start_urls= ['http://opencv.org/']
result_urls= []
def parse(self, response):
se=Selector(response)
result=set()
site=se.xpath('//a/@href').extract()
for s in site:
tmpurl=urlparse.urljoin(response.url, s)
if tmpurl not in result:
result.add(tmpurl)
for r in result:
print r
现在可以得到这个页面上的完整的url信息了
然后需要递归爬取页面
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
import urlparse
from scrapy.selector import Selector
class UrlSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name='url'
allowed_domains= ['opencv.org']
start_urls= ['http://opencv.org/']
result_urls= []
def parse(self, response):
print response.url
se=Selector(response)
result=set()
site=se.xpath('//a/@href').extract()
for s in site:
tmpurl=urlparse.urljoin(response.url, s)
if tmpurl not in result:
result.add(tmpurl)
for r in result:
if r not in UrlSpider.result_urls:
UrlSpider.result_urls.append(r)
yield scrapy.Request(url=r,callback=self.parse)
将数据存到item中去,编辑items.py
import scrapy
class UrlspiderItem(scrapy.Item):
# define the fields for your item here like:
#name=scrapy.Field()
url=scrapy.Field()
修改一下爬虫,将数据存入item就可以了
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
import urlparse
from urlspider.items import UrlspiderItem
from scrapy.selector import Selector
class UrlSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name='url'
allowed_domains= ['opencv.org']
start_urls= ['http://opencv.org/']
result_urls= []
def parse(self, response):
item=UrlspiderItem()
item['url'] = response.url
se=Selector(response)
result=set()
site=se.xpath('//a/@href').extract()
for s in site:
tmpurl=urlparse.urljoin(response.url, s)
if tmpurl not in result:
result.add(tmpurl)
for r in result:
if r not in UrlSpider.result_urls:
UrlSpider.result_urls.append(r)
yield scrapy.Request(url=r,callback=self.parse)
yield item
这样对于静态页面获取链接就基本上完成了,关于反爬虫的在下一篇讲吧。